International Comparison of Training Systems Within Firms

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1. We investigated training systems within firms through interviews and survey of literature. Our study consists of three parts; (a) training systems within firms in foreign countries, especially Thailand, Malaysia, France, UK, West Germany, Yugoslavia and Australia, (b) training systems within firms for white collar workers in Japanese firms, and (c) training systems within firms for blue collar workers in Japanese firms. On-the-job training (OJT) is the most important way to train workers not only in Japan, but also other countries. Interviews were conducted in workshops of Japanese, Thai, Malaysian, and Yugoslav firms very intensively.2. Training systems within firms in foreign countries; (a) Koike, Inoki, and Funimura conducted interviews in Japanese,Thai, and Malaysian firms. The number of firms they visted was more than twenty, but they used data obtained in eighteen firms in the comparison of company training systems among three countries. This study finds similarities in the basic character of skill formation systems in the three countries, which have often been thought to be particular to Japan. Naturally, large differences are identified in the extent to which the system are implemented. This implies general applicability of the Japanese skill formation systems, which are the core of Japanese management systems. (b) Fujimura conducted interviews in two Yugoslav firms. His study finds that OJT is the dominant way to train workers also in Yugoslav firms, but the qualifications obtained through formal education have also an important role in promotion. Firms send their workers to night schools to get relevant certifications of formal education for their promotion.3. Training systems in Japanese firms; (a) Tomita, Wakisaka, and Nakamura conducted interviews in big retail stores and department stores to clarify careers of female workers.