中国黄土高原地帯における砂漠化の防止に関する予備調査研究「(予備調査研究)」

中国黄土高原防治荒漠化的初步研究《（初步研究）》

• 批准号: 62041111
• 负责人: 田村 三郎
• 金额: $ 1.6万
• 依托单位: The University of Tokyo
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Overseas Scientific Research
• 财政年份: 1987
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1987 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-62041111/

砂漠化の問題は今や全地球的規模で取り組むべきものと認識されている. 国内に砂漠が存在しないわが国での砂漠研究は専ら海外調査を通じて, 比較的限定された技術段階の研究にとどまり, 学術的な立場からする「砂漠化」への全体的対応に資するものは殆どないのが実情である. 従って, わが国の研究者が全地球的な砂漠化現象の防止に今後積極的に寄与するには,早急に現地の人々と協力体制を築き,基礎的かつ総合的にこの問題の調査研究に取り組む必要がある. 本研究は中国科学院研究者の協力のもとに中国・黄土高原において深刻化しつつある「砂漠化」過程の把握と植生の回復を中心的課題に取り上げ, 当地の砂漠化防止を最終目標として研究するものである.〔本調査候補地の選定〕黄土高原東部の大行山脈,西部の固原県,西北部の銀川市を現地視察した. 3地域と比較した結果, 黄土高原として最も典型的であり, かつ中国科学院西北水土保持研究所の現地試験地があって, 調査研究に協力をえやすい固原県を昭和63年度の本調査の候補地として選定した.〔固原県の概況〕県は北緯34度に位置し, 総面積3780km^2,黄土が厚く堆積した丘陵からなり, 河川(降雨期のみ流水あり)による開析が進んで,複雑な地形を呈している. 標高1300〜3000m年平均気温4〜7℃と低い, 年降水量は350〜500mmと少ないが,その60%が7〜9月に集中豪雨的に降るため, 年土壌流亡量は2000〜7300t/km^2に達する. 植物の生育期間は4〜9月の半年間であり, 無霜期間は130日前後と短い, 農用地は総面積の90%を占め,内訳は草地42%,耕地37%,林地21%であるが,草地・林地とも植生は貧弱で,耕地は傾斜地の割合が高い. この地域は歴史上, 古い時代には緑に覆われた遊牧地であったが,明代中葉以降, とくに清末から人口増と開墾が進み, 自然植生の破壊が急速に激化して現在に至っている.〔調査研究の方向〕短期間の予備調査の結果ではあるが, 凡そ次の方向が考えられる.1)地理学, 気象学, 土壌学的見地から, 土壌侵食の起る機構を明らかにし, 対応策を検討する.2)耕地化による草地の縮小と,過放牧の連続で草地は草種数,草量ともに極めて貧弱で, 土壌侵食を受け易い. 外来草種の導入,適正放牧頭数の厳守による植生の回復を検討する.3)傾斜地等の不適地の耕地化により, 穀物収量は500kg/haと著しく低く,耕地の土壌侵食も激しい. 不適地を草地に戻し, 耕地は平坦な水利条件のよい所に縮小し,品種・栽培法・輪作体系・土壌肥沃度増進等,収量, 増加の可能性を検討する.

The problem of desertification is now understood on a scale that is global in scope. Research on the existence of domestic sand deserts in the country, research on sand deserts in overseas countries, research on the comparative limitations of technical stages, The academic standpoint is "desertification" and the overall attitude is "desertification". 従って, Researchers from Japan are actively working to prevent desertification on the planet in the future. It is necessary to build a system of cooperation between people and people, and to investigate and study the basic problems of cooperation and cooperation. This study was carried out in collaboration with researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, focusing on the control of the "desertification" process of the Loess Plateau in China and the restoration of vegetation. The ultimate goal of local desertification prevention is the research project. [The candidate sites for this survey were selected] Dahang Mountains in the east of the Loess Plateau, Guyuan Prefecture in the west, and Yinchuan City in the northwest. On-site inspections were carried out. 3Regional comparison results, the Loess Plateau is the most typical one, and the field trial of the Northwest Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The survey and research collaboration was conducted in Guyuan Prefecture, a candidate site for this survey in Showa 63, and the candidate site was selected. [Overview of Guyuan Prefecture] The location is 34 degrees north latitude. The area is 3780km^2, the loess is thick, the hills are piled up, the rivers (flowing water during the rainfall period) are open and analyzed, and the terrain is complex and complex. The annual average temperature at an altitude of 1300~3000m is 4~7℃, which is low, and the annual precipitation is 350~500mm, which is less than 60%, and there is heavy rainfall from July to September. The annual amount of soil loss is 2000~7300t/km^2. The plant growth period is half a year from April to September, and the frost-free period is short around 130 days. Agricultural land accounts for 90% of the area, grassland is 42%, cultivated land is 37%, woodland is 21%, grassland and woodland are not well-vegetated, and cultivated land is sloping and high. In the history of the region, the ancient times were green and nomadic, and since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the population has increased since the late Qing Dynasty, and the land has been reclaimed and cultivated. Natural vegetation has broken down rapidly and intensified, and now it has reached its peak. [Investigation and Research Direction] Short-term Preparation of Survey Results and Results, Wherever the Direction of Investigation and Research えられる.1) Geography, Phenomenology, The insight of soil science, the organization of soil invasion and food,対応 policy is to reduce the number of grassland. 2) The conversion of cultivated land means the reduction of grassland, the number of grass species due to overgrazing, the amount of grass is extremely poor and weak, and the soil invasion is easy to be affected. The introduction of exotic grass species, the proper number of grazing heads, the restoration of plant growth, and the restoration of cultivated land. 3) The conversion of unsuitable land such as sloping land into cultivated land, The grain yield is 500kg/ha and the crop is low, and the cultivated land is invaded by soil and soil. The unsuitable land is grassland. The farmland is flat and the water conservancy conditions are reduced, the varieties, cultivation methods, crop rotation systems, and soil fertility are increased, etc., and the possibility of increasing the yield is determined.