A study on the land policies and change from the landed properties to the securities in the United Kingdom before the First World War.

本研究的目的是首先考察第一次世界大战前英国的土地政策(土地问题)和大农庄瓦解的政治因素，其次考察英国从地主贵族向证券贵族转变的过程。我们收集了《议会辩论》第五辑《上议院》第1-43卷，《下议院》第1-217卷，以及有关英国地主贵族的书籍。研究结果总结如下：1.第一次世界大战前，地主贵族出售地产和投资有价证券的变化十分严重。这一资产转移归因于经济状况(财政困难)和政治因素(自由党政府的土地和财政政策，特别是遗产税的沉重负担)。从地主贵族向证券贵族的转变经历了三个阶段，即：(1)哈考特(1894-1909)改革遗产税后的阶段；(2)劳埃德·格奥尔格(1910-1914)的《人民预算》(1910-1914)之后的阶段；(3)《财政法》(1919)(1919-1921)之后的阶段。鉴于时间和方法的不同，土地所有者的区域和类别不同，这种变化的过程也不同。因此，英国大地主的经验不能一概而论。地主贵族为了出售庄园而驱逐佃农的现象时有发生。这些事实意味着新的土地问题，特别是土地保有权问题的到来。

The purpose of this study is to examine 1 firstly, the land policies(the Land Question)and the political factors of the break-up of the great agricultural estates, and 2 secondly, the processes of changing from the landed aristocracy to the stock-and-bond aristocracy in the United Kingdom before the First World War. We collected the Parliamentary Debates, Fifth Series, House of Lords, vol. 1-43, House of Commons, vol. 1-217 and books on the British landed aristocracy.Summary of research results is as follows :1. The change from the landed properties to the securities, that is, sales of estates by the landed aristocracy and investment to the securities became serious before the First World War. This asset transformation is attributed to the economic conditions(financial distress)and the political factors(the Liberal Government's land and financial policies, especially heavy burdens of death duties).2. the processes of change-from the landed aristocracy to the stock-and-bond aristocracy went through three stages, that is, (1)the first is the stage following the reform of the death duty by W. Harcourt(1894-1909), (2)the second is the stage following "People's Budget " by D. Lloyd Greorge(1910-1914), (3)the third is the stage following the Finance Act(1919)(1919-1921).3. the processes of that change differ in regions and classes of the landowners, in view of the period and method. Therefore, the experience of the great landowners in England must not be generalized.4. The evictions of tenant farmers for the sales of estates by the landed aristocracy took place. This facts mean the coming of the new Land Question, especially ' security of tenure '.