Beyond "Japanization" and "Modernization" : A Comprehensive Perspective on Tokugawa Intellectual History

迄今为止，对德川思想的主流解释都是以朱熹的天人观为出发点，并试图在德川语境中追溯其天人观的“现代化”或“日本化”。相比之下，本研究则侧重于更广泛的中国视角，通过从不同角度追溯中国与德川思想的结合，试图发展出一个更为多维的德川思想形象。法律的历史学家将早期现代国家概念化为“世袭”性质。与此相反，通过追溯德川思想家如前中期的林罗山和新井白濑树以及德川后半期的国学和水户学派的国家观的历史演变，本项目将注意力集中在一个过程中，这个过程形成了一种独特的国家观，这种国家观以被统治者的合并为导向。本研究课题包括：理学家传播的新世界观对日本“神之国”的现有形象和民间宗教世界观的影响，德川后期儒家神道思想的传播与“家”本位社会结构的发展之间的联系，形成了知识分子网络，通过这个网络，荻生苍井空的思想在全国传播，并成为德川时代后半期领域改革运动的推动力。在两年的项目过程中，与会者收集了广泛的原始资料并进行了分类。为了更广泛地提供这一努力的成果，他们计划在不久的将来出版一本按主题组织的这些来源的选集。

The dominant interpretations of Tokugawa thought up to now have taken the Chu Hsi view of heaven and human nature as their starting point and have attempted to trace the "modernization" or "Japanization" of that outlook in the Tokugawa context. By contrast, the present project has focused on a wider range of Chinese perspectives and by tracing from various angles their conjuncture with Tokugawa thought has sought to develop a more multidimensioned image of Tokugawa thought.Legal historians have conceptualized the early modern state as "patrimonial" in nature. By contrast, by tracing the historical evolution in the concept of the state presented by Tokugawa thinkers such as Hayashi Razan and Arai Hakuseki in the early and mid-Tokugawa period and the kokugaku and Mito schools in the latter half of the Tokugawa period, the present project has directed attention to the process by which a distinctive view of the state oriented towards incorporation of the ruled took shape.Other issues explored by the present project include the impact of the new notions of the world disseminated by rangaku scholars on the existing image of Japan as "the country of the gods" and the worldview of popular religion, the connection between the spread of Confucian-Shinto thought in the latter Tokugawa period and the development of a "house" -oriented social structure, and the formation of intellectual networks through which the thought of Ogyu Sorai was transmitted throughout country and became a motivating force in domain reform movements of the latter half of the Tokugawa period.Over the course of the two years of the project, the participants have collected and categorized a wide range of primary sources. To make more widely available the fruits of this effort, they plan to publish a thematically-organized selection of these sources in the near future.