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The Image of the Jew in American Literature-Its Ambivalence Deciphered

美国文学中的犹太人形象——解读其矛盾心理

基本信息

批准号：
06610447
负责人：
KOHNO Tetsu
金额：
$ 1.09万
依托单位：
HOSEI UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1994
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1994 至 1996
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The image of the Jew evoked by non-Jewish American writers has oscillated between "the mythical Jew" and "the Jew as a neighbor." The purpose of this study is to trace this ambivalent attitude historically and psychologically. An in-depth analysis from this viewpoint was attempted of such 19th-century poets as Longfellow and Whittier through Hawthorn up to such early 20th-century writers as Henry Adams, Henry James, Mark Twain and Willa Cather. Following are several interim findings :(1) While the tolerant perception of the Jew displayd by Longfellow and Whittier is very impressive, both had their Christian bias reflected in their lines dealing with Jewish or Judaic matters. For instance, the former showed no interest in his contemporary Jews, and the latter infused fervent Christian spirit into his interpretation of the Talmud.(2) An outpouring of violent antisemitic hatred was evident in Hawthorn's English Notebooks, and this animosity found an echo in his fourth major novel the Marb … More le Faun. He utilized the legend of the wandering Jew, but simply represented its cynical aspect as evil incarnated.(3) Facing a crisis of imminent collapse which was brewing in the alienridden American society around the turn of the century, Henry Adams imputed the disintegration of the cherished tradition to the conspiring managerial and financial Jews. His antisemitism was based on the sense of frustration as an unsuccessful heir to the Adams, and also on the despair of ever realizing an ideal of Catholic-centered cultural unity.(4) If Henry Adams and Ezra Pound could be paired as inveterate antisemites, Henry James and T.S.Eliot could be coupled owing to their derisive innuendoes about the Jew which may have been necessitated as a creative technique or may have revealed their own idee fixe.(5) During the process of examining Jewish-related works of Mark twain and Willa Cather as well as the above-mentioned authors, a hard problem was recognized : to which point was the anti-Jewishness of each writer individual, and from where was it collective? Further researches are in order. Less

非犹太裔美国作家笔下的犹太人形象在“神话中的犹太人”和“作为邻居的犹太人”之间摇摆不定。“这项研究的目的是从历史和心理上追溯这种矛盾的态度。本文试图从这一角度对19世纪的朗费罗、惠蒂尔、山楂、亨利亚当斯、亨利詹姆斯、马克吐温和威拉凯瑟等诗人进行深入分析。以下是几个临时发现：（1）虽然朗费罗和惠蒂尔所展示的宽容的犹太人的看法是非常令人印象深刻的，他们都有他们的基督教偏见反映在他们的线处理犹太或犹太事务。例如，前者对他同时代的犹太人没有兴趣，后者则将热情的基督教精神注入他对《塔木德》的解释中。(2)在山楂的《英语笔记》中，反犹太人的仇恨情绪暴露无遗，这种仇恨情绪在他的第四部主要小说《马尔布》中得到了回应 ...更多信息农牧神。他利用了流浪犹太人的传说，但只是将其愤世嫉俗的一面表现为邪恶的化身。(3)世纪之交，异化的美国社会正酝酿着一场迫在眉睫的崩溃危机，面对这场危机，亨利亚当斯将宝贵的传统的瓦解归咎于密谋的管理和金融犹太人。他的反犹主义是基于作为亚当斯家族失败继承人的挫败感，以及对实现以天主教为中心的文化统一的理想的绝望。(4)如果亨利亚当斯和埃兹拉磅可以配对作为根深蒂固的反犹主义者，亨利詹姆斯和T. S.艾略特可以耦合由于他们对犹太人的嘲笑影射，这可能是必要的创作技巧，或者可能揭示了他们自己的想法。(5)在考察马克·吐温、威拉·凯瑟以及上述作家的犹太题材作品的过程中，我们发现了一个难题：每个作家的反犹太性究竟达到了何种程度？这种反犹太性又从何而来？进一步的研究是有序的。少