A STUDY OF KEYNES'S ECONOMICS -FROM A TREATISE ON MONEY TO THE GENERAL THEORY

本研究的主要目的是考察凯恩斯作为经济理论家的发展。我们的主要工作是分析凯恩斯从《货币论》（1930）到《就业、利息和货币通论》（1936）的理论建构和重建过程。我们也会关注诸如各种经济理论、经济政策和社会哲学流派的历史发展，以及英国和国际历史等主题，因为这些主题与从更广泛的角度正确理解凯恩斯对现代经济学的贡献密切相关。这项研究题为《凯恩斯经济学研究——从《货币论》到《总论》》。《理论》由17章（和4个附录）组成——大约750页，80列*35行。（这项研究将发表在《索菲亚经济评论》（1997年第1、2期；1998年第1、2期）上。）我们的主要结果如下…至关重要的是要注意凯恩斯如何处理在论文中利润和产出量之间的关系的问题，我们称之为“TM供应函数”，强调了这种关系的重要性，以表达动态机制。凯恩斯在《人性论》之后坚持了这一功能，尽管受到了许多批评。然而，到1932年底，他放弃了“TM供给函数”，尽管表现出一些犹豫，并提出了商品市场体系的新公式，从而形成了“通论”。《人性论》属于“维克塞尔联系”，其中包括默达尔、林达尔、米塞斯、哈耶克等人。我们把威克塞尔联系看作是与新古典主义正统相悖的货币经济学。然而，《人性论》包含了两种类型的论证——“维克塞利式理论”和“凯恩斯自己的理论”。在《人性论》发表后，凯恩斯立即放弃了维克塞利式理论，并努力维持或改进凯恩斯自己的理论。我们认为《人性论》之后的凯恩斯脱离了维克塞尔联系。通论是完全独立于威克塞尔联系的。《通论》的革命性之处在于，它通过一个清晰的模型表明，如果放任市场经济自生自死，它将保持在就业不足的均衡状态。该模型显示了就业是如何根据均衡分析来确定的，这与后凯恩斯主义者、凯恩斯主义者的“非均衡方法”和其他人的观点相反。直到1933年，凯恩斯才提出了就业量是如何决定的模型。此后，凯恩斯煞费苦心地阐述他的模型，不断修正有效需求的概念，即资本边际效率的概念。流动性偏好理论等。我们发现他的努力是如此细致。然而，与此同时，我们认为，在《通论》中，凯恩斯认为市场经济具有两个截然不同的方面：一方面是稳定性、确定性和简单性；另一方面是不稳定性、不确定性和复杂性。少

The principal objective of this research is to examine Keynes's development as an economic theoretician. Our main work is to analyze the processes of theory-building and re-building which constitute Keynes's intellectual journey from A Treatise on Moneyy (1930) to The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936). Attention has also be given to such topics as the historical development of various streams of economic theory, economic policy and social philosophy, as well as to British and international history, to the extent that these are germane to a proper understanding of Keynes's contribution to modern economics in the wider perspective. This research entitled A Study of Keynes's Economics - from A Treatise on Money to The General. Theory is composed of seventeen chapters (and four appendixes)-about 750 pages in terms of 80 columns*35 rows. (This research is to be published in the Sophia Economic Review (Nos. 1 and 2.1997 ; Nos. 1 and 2, 1998).Our main results run as foll … More ws :1. It is crucially important to pay attention to the question of how Keynes dealt with the relation between profits and the volume of output in the Treatise the importance of this relation, which we call the 'TM supply function', is stressed as expressing the dynamic mechanism. Keynes adhered to this function after the Treatise, in spite of many criticisms. Toward the end of 1932, however, he abandoned the 'TM supply function' though showing some hesitation, and put forward a new formula of a system of commodity markets which led up to the General Theory.2. The Treatise belongs to the 'Wicksell Connection' which includes Myrdal, Lindahl, Mises, Hayek and others. We regard the Wicksell Connection as monetary economics which is against the neoclassical orthodoxy. The Treatise, however, included two types of argument - the 'Wicksellian-type theory' and 'Keynes's own theory'. Immediately after the Treatise, Keynes abandoned the Wicksellian-type theory, and strove to maintain or improve Keynes's own theory. We regard the Keynes after the Treatise as departing from the Wicksell Connection. The General Theory is completely independent of the Wicksell Connection.3. The General Theory's revolutionary feature lies in showing, through a presentation of a clear-cut model, that the market economy, left to itself, would remain in underemployment equilibrium. The model shows how the volume of employment is determined based on the equilibrium analysis, contrary to the arguments of Post-Keynesians, the 'Disequilibrium Approach' Keynesians and others. It was not until 1933 that Keynes came to put forward a model of bow the volume of employment is determined. Thereafter Keynes took pains to elaborate his model, going on revising the concept of effective demand, the concept of marginal efficiency of capital. the theory of liquidity preference and others. We traced his efforts to such a meticulous degree. At the same time, however, we argue that in the General Theory Keynes sees the market economy as possessing two contrasting aspects : stability, certainty and simplicity on the one hand ; instability, uncertainty and complexity on the other. Less