Ecological and Molecualr Biological Relationship among the Populations of Dendrocopos Kizuki

日本侏儒啄木鸟，学名Dendrocopos kizuki，栖息在日本群岛周围大小不一的孤岛上。由于啄木鸟的生活在很大程度上依赖于树木，本研究试图通过对这种啄木鸟种群的比较，为保护森林和动物群落找到一个好的线索。我收集了这只小啄木鸟的测量数据和血液样本，地点是东京市赤豆群岛的三宅岛、奄美大岛和西南群岛的冲绳岛。我还拍了照片来分析羽毛的图案。血液用于DNA多态性分析。在主岛和小岛上，似乎存在着分隔的纬度梯度。西南群岛种群的翅形更为尖锐。这些结果是可以理解的，因为这取决于生态和啄木鸟进化史上的几个因素。然而，数据太小，无法分析这些假设。作为DNA多态性分析的目标，我曾经决定使用mt DNA的D-loop和cytochrome-b测序，但目前还没有出现好的引物。我现在正在重新考虑使用微卫星、MHC和其他目标。此外，还需要对其亲缘关系进行分析，包括近缘种canicapillus和d.m inominor。我还将提到居住在日本周围的独特种群，如d.l euotos和zothera major。通过种群间的遗传交换和种群内的遗传多样性来揭示木豆的起源和物种历史的动态，是本研究的进一步课题。它应该有助于我们对森林生物多样性的理解。

Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker, Dendrocopos kizuki, inhabits in various size and variously isolated islands around Japanese archipelago. This study tries to find a good hints in conserving forests and animal communities with the comparison of this woodpecker's populations, for the woodpeckers' life depends greatly on the trees.I have collected the measurements and blood samples of this small woodpecker at Chichibu, Miyake Island of Izu Archipelago, Amami-oshima and Okinwa island of Nansei Archipelago, Tokyo city. I also took photographs to analyze plumage pattern. Blood is for DNA polymorphism analyzes.There seemed to be separated latitudinal cline in size on main islands and small islands. The wing shape of the populations on Nansei Archepelago was rather sharper. These are understandable as the results depending on several factors in ecology and evolutionary history of this woodpecker. The data, however, is too small to analyze those hypotheses.As the targer of DNA polymorphism analyzes, I once decided to use the sequencing in D-loop and cytochrome-b of mt DNA,but there has not yet appeared a good primers for it. I am now reconsidering to use microsattelites, MHC,and other targets.It will be also desirable to analyze the relationships including the close relative species of Dendrocopos canicapillus and D.Minor. I will also refer the unique populations inhabiting around Japan, such as D.leucotos and Zoothera major. It is farther subject of this study to show the origin of D.kizuki and the dynamics in the species history through genetic exchange among populations and genetic diversity within the populations. It should contribute our understanding on organism diversity in the forest.