The Positive Study in Formation History of the School District System on the Basis of the Political Commune Process and Publicity in Germany (Prussia)

本文旨在分析1808年至1848年普鲁士自治区学区制的形成以及农业改革对农村教区的重组。这样，地方行政管理机制和传统文化就被破坏了，无法发挥作用。为此，柏林中央政府不得不重新构建地方行政体系，重新确立人民与国家的认同。1808年、1817年、1825年和1845年的行政体制改革，旨在将地方社会中的学校和教会收归国有。这一具体政策是在国家政权下重新组织地方社会。为了实现这一政策，柏林的中央政府试图在行政上重新组织被农业改革瓦解的地方社会，作为学校区的基本单位。1845年，普鲁士省议会Provinziallandtag正在审议普雷西亚省普通小学条例草案（Entwurf einer allgemeinen Schulordnung fur die elementarschulen der Provinz PreuBen）。这次讨论的重点是学区组建的问题。然而，在反对中央政府，普鲁士省议会体现了学区的自治。我给这种自治一个术语，Gemeindismus。学区的Gemeindismus由学校董事会实施，并控制着一个单一的行政指令。学校董事会通过居民的出勤来组织家庭中的私人教育功能，并将这种私人功能视为公共功能。笔者将学区制的这一公共功能称为“公共性”（Offentlichkeit），并在本文中首先说明了德国（普鲁士）学区制的形成过程。

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the formation of the school district system from 1808 until 1848 in Prussia Dominium and rural parish was reorganaized by the agricultural reform. Thereby, a mechanism in lokal administration and a traditional culture was destroyed and didn't function. Therefore, the central government in Berlin had to reconstruct the lokal administrative systems and reorganize the indentification of people with state. The reorganization of administrative systems in 1808,1817,1825 and 1845 intended getting school and church in lokal society under state. That concrete policy was to reorganize lokal society under state power. In order to achieve this policy, the central government in Berlin tried to reorganize administratively the lokal society, which was disorganized by the agricultural reform, as the basic unit of the school district.In 1845, the Prussian Provincial Diet, Provinziallandtag, is deliberating the draft of the general elementary schoolregulation in province Pressia (Entwurf einer allgemeinen Schulordnung fur die elementarschulen der Provinz PreuBen). The important point in this deliberation was the matter of the school district formation. However, in opposition to the central government, the Prussian Provincial Diet manifested an autonomy of the school district. I gave this autonomy a term of Gemeindismus. Gemeindismus of the school district is practiced by a board of school and controles a one-seded administrial direction.A board of school organizes the private funktion of education in families by attendance of inhabitants and regards this private funktion as the matter of public funktion. I gave this public funktion a term of publicity, Offentlichkeit, of the shool district system.The author first shows in this report that the school district system in Germany (Prussia) has the above-mentioned formation process.