A STUDY ON BRITISH CONSERVATIVE PARTY AND CONSERVATISM AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY

本研究旨在从“保守主义危机”和“激进保守主义”兴起的角度来考察英国保守党和保守主义在世纪之交的转型。为什么激进的保守派会联合起来支持关税改革计划？关税改革辩论对保守的意识形态和政治基础产生了怎样的影响？由于自由党的分裂和与自由统一党的政治联盟，英国保守党通过获得城市中产阶级的支持来扩大政治基础，导致新利益和旧土地利益之间的摩擦。另一方面，保守党必须得到新获得选举权的工人的支持。激进的保守派团结一致，战胜了这些危机。他们联合起来支持J·张伯伦的关税改革计划，该计划呼吁许多利益集团捍卫“生产者联盟”，反对自由贸易政策，并为工人提供社会政策。这个纲领是保守党“横向”和“纵向”一体化的解决方案，但传统保守主义在党内仍然很强。而且，激进保守派并没有跑向“激进右翼”，终究捍卫了“保守主义”。传统保守派转而推行关税改革，以此作为“人民预算”的替代。关税改革计划最终使绅士资本主义利益集团取得了英国保守党的领导地位。

The purpose of this research is to examine the transition of British conservative party and conservatism at the turn of the century from the viewpoint of "the crisis of conservatism" and the rise of "radical conservatism". Why did the radical conservatives rally behind tariff reform programme? How did the tariff reform debate make impact on the conservative ideology and political base?British conservative party extended the political basis by gaining the support of urban middle class because of the division of the Liberal party and the political alliance with the Liberal Unionist party, which led to friction between the new interests and the old landed interests. On the other hand the conservative party had to get the support of the newly franchised workingmen. The radical conservatives held together to surmount these crises. They were united to throw their support behind J. Chamberlain's tariff reform programme, which appealed many interests in defense of "producers' alliance" against free trade policy and presented social policy for workingmen. This program was a solution of "horizontal" and "vertical" integration in the conservative party.The traditional conservatism did, however, remain strong in the party. Moreover the radical conservatives did not run to "radical right" and defended "conservatism" after all. The traditional conservatives converted to tariff reform as an alternative of "People's Budget". Tariff reform programme finally caused the "gentlemanly capitalism" interests to take the leadership of British conservative party.