Urvan Earthquake Hazard Assessment and Rehabilitation

为了弄清地震灾害与相关地区社会经济结构的关系，对1995年日本孝敬大地震和1976年中国唐山大地震的灾情进行了详细的调查，特别是对人员损失、直接经济损失和间接经济损失进行了详细的考察。另一方面，在康复过程中，人员活动也随着社会经济结构的进步而发挥着非常重要的作用。对于灾情评估和灾后重建这两个方面，主要研究结果如下：(1)在孝敬地震中，由于人口密度大、住房拥有率高、居民老龄化等特殊的社会经济地位，房屋倒塌和人员损毁主要影响灾情的严重程度。(2)作为震后效应，因房屋损毁而造成的居民迁移、紧急避难生活条件差、个人消费恢复乏力、就业失业、压力积聚和释放等，对灾后重建进程产生了强烈的影响。房屋的重建是最重要的，也直接影响到其他房屋的修复。由于社会制度的不同，在设置紧急避难所、修建寺院和重建永久房屋等方面表现出截然不同的过程。D)定义了当量灾害损失年数指标，该指标等于上一年的灾害量除以相关数值。通过对口部市和唐山市的灾情分析，不仅可以对发达国家的灾情进行评估，也可以对欠发达地区的灾情进行评估。

In order to solve the relation between the earthquake disaster and socio-economic structure of relevant area, the disasters of the Hyo-go Ken Nanbu Earthquake (1995, Japan) and the Tangshan Earthquake (1976, China) are investigated in detail, especially paying attention on the personnel damage, the direct economic loss and the indirect economic loss. On the other hand, to the process of rehabilitation, the personnel activities are also play very important role with the progressive socio-economic structure. For these two aspects (disaster assessment and rehabilitation), some results are remarked as below.a) In the Hyo-go Ken Nanbu Earthquake, the collapse of house and personnel damage affect mainly the level of disaster due to its especial socio-economic status including high population density, large rate of ols house and aged resident.b) As a post-earthquake effects, the movement of resident due to the house damage, bad emergency asylum life condition, dull recovery of individual consumption, employment and unemployment, the stress accumulation and release and so on, have made a strong influence to the rehabilitation process.c) Both in Kobe city and Tangshan city, the rebuild of house was most important and affected directly the rehabilitation of other. It shown very different process in set of emergency asylum, construction of temple apartment and rebuild of permanent house because of their different social system. The improvement of residence in Tangshan city is considered to be more succesful.d) The index named as equivalent years of disaster loss is defined, which is equal to the amount of disaster divided by the relevant value at last year. Through the disaster analysis in Koube and Tangshan city, it is possible to use the proposed index to scale the level of disasters not only in developed country but also in developing area.