SENSORI-MOTOR COORDINATION IN INFANT

根据皮亚杰(1948)的说法，婴儿的第二次循环反应是第一个有目的的行为，大约在他出生后4个半月开始。在Rovee-Collier等人(1979)之后，我们重新定量地考察了婴儿踢脚和吸吮行为中这种次级环状反应的特征。FOOTKICK当一个3个月大的婴儿在加强期移动他的左腿时，在他的左腿的脚踝处系上一根绳子，他的踢直接引起悬挂在婴儿面部上方的摇摆和运动(共轭加强条件)。但在非加强期，绳索从脚踝上解开，然后没有踢脚造成任何影响。他很快学会了用左脚踢球，但他的因果关系想法似乎与正常成年人的想法大不相同。他很清楚他的动作和嘎吱声之间的毗连关系，但他没有很好地区分非增强期和增强期…当一个6周大的婴儿吮吸人造橡胶乳头时，在强化阶段可以听到蜂鸣声，而在非强化阶段则听不到声音。他很快学会了收紧乳头以听到蜂鸣音，但他也经常在非强化时期吸吮。结论3个月以下婴幼儿能够很好地理解其行为与增强期变化的外部世界之间的因果关系。他甚至可以修改自己的动作，以获得更好的效果。因此，这些作用是皮亚杰定义的二级循环反应。但在非增援期间，他几乎无法停止自己的行动。一旦他发现他的突击行动产生了好的效果，他就不能在没有任何进一步增援的情况下，在很长一段时间内继续期待同样的好效果。这将是幼小婴儿因果观念的基本特征之一。较少

According to Piaget (l948), the secondary circular reaction of an infant, the first purposive behavior, begins at about 4 1/2 months after his birth. We re-examined quantitatively the characteristics of this secondary circular reaction in footkick and sucking behaviors of infans after Rovee-Collier et al.(1979).FOOTKICK When a 3-month old infant moves his left leg in a reinforcement period, a cord was fastend at the ankle of his left leg, and his kick directly initiated sway and movement in the rattle hung above the infant's face (the conjugate reinforcement condition). But in a non-reinforcement period, the cord was unfastened from the ankle, then no footkicks caused any effects. He learned soon to kick with his left foot, but his cause-effect idea appeared much different from that in the normal grown-ups. He understood well the contiguous relationships between his action and the rattle sound, but he did not discriminated well the non-reinforcement period from the reinforcement period … More ; i.e., he kicked frequently also when the cord was unfastened from his left ankle.SUCKING When a 6-weeks old infant sucked an artificial rubber nipple, a buzzer sound was heard in a reinforcement period but no sound was heard in a non-reinforcement period. He soon learned to sack the nipple to hear the buzzer tone, but he sucked frequently also in a non-reinforcement period. He discriminated not so well the latter period from the former.CONCLUSION A 3-month-old or younger infant could understand well the cause-effect relationship between his action and the changed outer world in reinforcement period. he could even modify his action to get some better effects. Thus these actions are the secondary circular reactions defined by Piaget. But he could hardly stop his action in non-reinforcement period. Once he finds a good effect as a result of his sortie action, he cart continue expecting the same good effect for some long period without any further reinforcement. This would be one of fundamental characteristics of the cause-effect idea of the very younf infant. Less