Time in pictures - Visual characteristics for the time-related impression and expression

这项研究考察了静止图片中的时间印象和表达。主要的兴趣是：1.图片中识别出什么样的时间印象？2.每一种时间印象与哪些视觉因素有关？3.每一次时间印象的图象化使用的视觉因素是否相同？4、当表达受到限制时，是否使用相同的视觉因素？5.语言因素是否影响图画表达？6.图画表达的意图是否正确地传达给观察者？7.什么样的视觉因素有助于图片化时间印象？8.现代艺术中识别出哪些类型的时间表达，它意味着什么？通过实验心理学的方法，用艺术图片来考察这些问题。主要研究结果如下：艺术画面的印象可分为三类：1)时间停止，2)时间流逝缓慢，3)物体在快速移动或变化。这意味着对图片的印象是从时间印象的角度进行分类的。我还发现，时间印象与特定的视觉因素相对应，即1)空间，2)构图，3)高空间频率。其他视觉因素，如颜色，对于描绘特定的时间印象是有用的，如过去-现在-未来。其中一些因素受语体的影响。这意味着文化因素影响着时间印象的图像化表达。通过现代艺术作品，我也从“时间”的角度提到了现代社会的特点。

This research examined time impression and expression in still pictures. Main interests are,1. What kinds of time impression are recognized in the pictures?2. What kinds of visual factor are related to each time impression?3. Are the same visual factors used to pictorialize each time impression?4, Are the same visual factors used when expression is restricted?5. Do the verbal factors affect the pictorial expression?6. Does the intention of the pictorial expression transmit to the observers correctly?7. What kinds of visual factors are useful to pictorialize time impression?8. What kinds of time expression are recognized in the modem art, and what does it mean?These problems were examined with art pictures through the methods of experimental psychology. The main results are followings. The impression of art pictures were classified into three groups, in which 1) time has stopped, 2) time is passing slowly, and 3) objects are moving or changing fast. This means that the impression of pictures are classified from the point of view of time impression. I also found that time impressions corresponded to specific visual factors, that is, 1) space, 2) composition, and 3) high spatial frequency. Other visual factors such as color are useful to pictorialize specific time impression such as past-present-future. Some of these factors were affected by verbal aspect. This means that the cultural aspect affects the pictorial expression of time impression. Through the works of modem art, I also referred to characteristics of modem society from the point of view of "time".