A Comparative Study on the History of Urbanization, Urban Problems and Municipal Policy in Japan and Germany

我们的研究成果包括五篇论文。以下是每篇论文的摘要。日本近代城市史的分期以大坂为样板Shibamura提出了五个特征作为衡量城市转型的指标。它们是：（1）城市经济;（2）城市基础设施;（3）城市地域结构;（4）城市生活与意识;（5）城市行政与政治制度。运用这些指标，本文认为现代大坂有五个时期，20世纪20年代和30年代是主要的转型时期。战前城市的中央管理职能与人口伊东孝绅认为，在两次世界大战之间的日本二元经济结构下，大城市与其他城市的人口增长率差距扩大。认为这种趋势是人口城市化后大城市中心管理功能或集聚经济的增强所导致的 ...更多信息 在第一次世界大战期间，《1930年东京的房屋》（Houses in Tokyo at 1930）Imai）解释了1930年东京约11万套房屋的住房状况。最后得出结论：商业人口的比例决定了城市15个区之间房屋租金和土地租金的差异。德国城市的兼并政策1871-1930：A Statustucal Survey”（S.巴巴）考察了1871年至1930年德国城市兼并政策。兼并政策的一个共同原因是需要向外扩张，因为城市政策要解决各种城市问题。兼并是中心城市城镇规划的重要前提。本文还指出，兼并是伴随着行政区划的变更而发生的，它与国家利益密切相关，而国家（土地）在第一次世界大战后的兼并过程中起着主导作用。第一次世界大战前半期德国的粮食政策。Kaku）指出，粮食政策是临时的，因为战争预计将是短暂的。调控对象由粮食扩大到鱼、畜、薯等，调控重点由价格调控转向供给调控。本文还解释了粮食政策导致赖希、土地和Geminde政府间关系的变化。少

Our research result contains five papers. The following is the summary of each paper."Periodization of Japan's Modern City History with Osaka as its model" (A. Shibamura) nominates five features as the indexes to measuring the transformation of a city. They are (1) city's economy (2) city's infrastructure (3) city's regional structure (4) city's life and consciousness (5) city's administration and political system. Applying these indexes, the paper concludes the modern-day Osaka has five periods and the 1920s and 30s were major transformative periods."Central management function and population of cities in the Pre-war period" 'S. Itoh) explains the disparity of the rates of population increase between large cities and other cities had been extended under the dual structure of Japanese economy in the inter-war period. And the paper concludes this tendency was caused by the strength of the central management function or agglomeration economy of large cities after the rapid population urb … More anization in the First World War period."Houses in Tokyo at 1930" (K. Imai) explains the housing conditions of about 110 thousands houses in Tokyo at 1930. And the paper concludes the rate of people engaged in commerce determined the differences of the house rent and the land rent between 15 Wards of the city."The Annexation Policy of the German Cities. 1871-1930 : A Statustucal Survey" (S. Baba) surveys the annexation policy of the German cities from 1871 to 1930. A common reason for the annexation policy was the need for the outward expansion because of the urban policy to resolve the various urban problems. And the annexation was an important prerequisite for the town planning of the central city. The paper also points out that the annexation related closely with the interest of the state besides that of the communities concerned as it was accompnied by the alteration of the administrative division, and after the World War I the state (Land) took the leadership in the process of annexation."The food policy in Germany in the first half of the First World War period" (S. Kaku) points that the food policy was ad-hoc as the war was expected to be brief. Its object was widened form grain to fish, live-stock products and potatoes, and its priority moved from the price control to the supply control. The paper also explains the food policy caused the change in the inter-governmental relationship between Reich, Land and Geminde. Less