Development of monitoring methods for risk assessment of indoor air contamination by chemicals and its application to termiticide (chlorpyrifos), pesticide (permethrin)

在日本，居民楼室内化学物质超标导致的“病态房屋综合症”等有害健康影响正在增加。建立了室内空气中有机磷白蚁和拟除虫菊酯农药的监测方法，并以居民尿液中的3，5，6-三氯-2-吡啶酚(TCP)/3-苯氧基苯甲酸(PBA)为暴露指标，测定了室内空气中的毒死蜱/拟除虫菊酯类农药。此外，还测定了室内空气中甲醛(HCHO)和13种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的浓度。在8所房屋中，有3所的毒死蜱水平为21-26 ng/m^3，低于日本的室内空气质量标准(所有婴儿为1000 ng/m^3或100 ng/m^3)。3户9户居民中有7户检出尿液中的磷酸三钙。8户居民中有5户居民的氯氰菊酯水平在3~61 ng/m~3之间，5户居民中有5户居民尿检出PBA。然而，日本还没有制定氯氰菊酯的指导方针。8栋房屋中有8栋房屋的甲醛浓度在10~103pg/m~3之间，其中一栋新建房屋的甲醛浓度超过了日本的标准(100ug/m^3)。所有房屋的室内空气中检出了13种挥发性有机化合物，其中甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯的浓度最高(分别为95、34、55μg/m^3)。然而，这些水平低于日本的指南(分别为260、870和3800μg/m^3)。目前的研究结果表明，有必要监测化学物质，如白蚁、农药、甲醛、挥发性有机化合物(甲苯、二甲苯、对二氯苯等)。污染室内空气，并降低长期接触这些化学物质的风险。

Hazardous health effects such as "sick house syndrome" due to elevated indoor chemicals in residential buildings are increasing ill Japan. We developed monitoring methods and determined the concentrations of chlorpyrifos (organophosphorus termiticide) / permethrin (pyrethroid pesticide) in indoor air and 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP, metabolife of chlorpyrifos) / 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (PBA, metabolite of permethrin) in the residents' urine as exposure indices. Moreover, the concentrations of formaldehyde (HCHO) and 13 kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air were determined. The chlorpyrifos levels were 21-26 ng/m^3 in 3 of 8 houses and the levels were below indoor air quality guidelines (1000 ng/m^3 or 100 ng/m^3 for all infant) in Japan. However, urinary TCP was detected in 7 of 9 residents in 3 houses. The permethrin levels were 3-61 ng/m^3 in 5 of 8 houses and urinary PBA was detected in 5 of 12 residents in 5 houses. However, guidelines for permethrin have not been established in Japan. The HCHO levels were 10-103 pg/m^3 in 8 of 8 houses and the level in a newly-built house was higher than the guidelines (100 ug/m^3) in Japan.Thirteen kinds of VOCs were detected in indoor air of all houses and the levels of toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene in indoor air of a newly-built house were the highest (95, 34, 55 μg/m^3, respectively). However, these levels were lower than the guidelines (260, 870, 3800 μg/m^3, respectively) in Japan.The present findings suggest that it is necessary to monitor chemicals such as termiticides, pesticides, formaldehyde, VOCs (toluene, xylene, p-dichlorobenzene, etc.) contaminating indoor air and to agsess the risk of prolonged exposure to these chemicals.