Optina Pustyn' and Studies of Spiritual Culture in Russia

这项工作表明，俄罗斯修道或灵性是基于斯拉夫语翻译的“Filokalia”-从希腊的阿陀斯引入的修道典范，“智慧的工作”-一种修道祈祷方法和“Starchestvo”-长老制度作为僧侣的教育，这些元素被俄罗斯东正教会接受为传统的精神训练。但关于他们如何在世俗文化中反映出来，我们仅仅从伊凡·基里夫斯基的生活中发现了足够的迹象，他是著名的俄罗斯亲斯拉夫思想家。以下是在已经发表的关于这个主题的文章中得出的相同观点。1)俄罗斯修道主义的进步始于《菲洛卡利亚》的引入——这是仅次于《圣经》的第二本圣经。这部由派西·维利奇科夫斯基翻译并在俄罗斯广为流传的修道典范，为彼得大帝时期后停滞不前的修道主义指明了明确的方向。作为东正教修道主义基础的祈祷的实质被称为“智慧的工作”，它以东方教父的教义为基础，具有相当独到的技术。这种祈祷是一种修道主义，来自拜占庭的Hesychasm。我们指出，它传入俄罗斯后，与“民族”世界观混合在一起，形成了一种独特的人与上帝的宇宙观。3)根据与妻子纳塔利亚及其精神父亲斯塔斯·马卡里的精神交流档案，可以追溯到俄罗斯斯拉夫主义的创始人伊万·基里夫斯基将其主要信仰从西方主义转变为东正教思想。4)利用教父和俄罗斯明星的著作总结了东正教“Starchestvo”的概念，并追溯了Paisii Velichkovsky的学生继承的“Starchestvo”在俄罗斯的历史，以及它在19世纪被引入Optina Pustyn的情况。

This work showed, that Russian monasticism or spirituality are based on Slavic translation of "Filokalia"- paragon of monasticism introduced from Athos in Greek, "Work of wisdom" - a method of monastic prayer and "Starchestvo" - eldership system as the education of monks, and these elements are accepted as a traditional spiritual training by Russian Orthodox Church. But in respect of how they ate reflected in secular culture, we went no further than recognizing enough signs in the life of Ivan Kireevsky, famous Russian slavophile thinker. The followings are same points concluded in already published essays on this theme.1) A progress of Russian monasticism has started from the introduction of Filokalia" - the second Holy Writ only after the Bible. This monastical paragon, which was translated by Paisii Velichkovsky and had a wide circulation in Russia, gave a definitive course to the stagnated monasticism after the period of Peter the Great2) The substance of prayer as a basis of monasticism in the Orthodox Church was called "Work of Wisdom" based on dogmas of the Eastern St. Fathers, and had a quite original technique. This prayer is a type of monasticism, which came from Byzantine Hesychasm. We pointed out that the it had been mixed with a world view of "Narod" after its introduction to Russia and formed a unique cosmology of a man and the God.3) It was traced, that Ivan Kireevsky, the founder of Slavophilism in Russia, changed his major belief from Westernism to the Orthodox thought, based on some archives about spiritual exchanges with his wife Nataria and with starets Makarii, her spiritual father.4) The concept of "Starchestvo" in Orthodox Church was summarized by using writings of St. Fathers and Russian starlets, and the history of "Starchestvo" in Russia, inherited by pupils of Paisii Velichkovsky, and the circumstances of its introduction to Optina Pustyn in the 19th century were traced.