Optina Pustyn' and Studies of Spiritual Culture in Russia

这项工作表明，俄罗斯修道或灵性是基于斯拉夫语翻译的“Filokalia”-从希腊阿托斯引入的修道典范，“智慧的工作”-修道院祈祷的方法和“Starchestvo”-作为僧侣教育的长老制度，这些元素被俄罗斯东正教会接受为传统的精神训练。但是，关于他们如何吃反映在世俗文化中，我们没有进一步认识到足够的迹象，在生活中的伊万Kireevsky，著名的俄罗斯斯拉夫思想家。以下是已经发表的关于这一主题的论文中得出的相同观点。1）俄罗斯修道制度的进步是从《Filokalia》--仅次于《圣经》的第二部《圣经》的引进开始的。这修道的典范，这是Paisii Velichkovsky翻译，并已在俄罗斯广泛流通，给了一个明确的课程后，彼得大帝时期停滞的修道2）祈祷的物质作为修道的基础上，在东正教被称为“工作的智慧”的基础上的教条的东方教父，并有一个相当原始的技术。这种祈祷是一种类型的修道，它来自拜占庭Hesychasm。本文指出，它在传入俄罗斯后，与“纳罗德”的世界观相融合，形成了独特的人与神的宇宙观。3）根据与妻子娜塔莉亚、与斯塔雷特斯·马卡里的精神交流档案，追溯到俄罗斯斯拉夫民族主义的创始人伊万·基里耶夫斯基从西方主义到东正教思想的转变，（4）通过对东正教教父和俄罗斯小明星的著述，总结了东正教“Starchestvo”的概念，追溯了“Starchestvo”在俄罗斯的历史，以及“Starchestvo”在俄罗斯被派西·维利奇科夫斯基的学生所继承，并追溯了“Starchestvo”在19世纪被引入奥普蒂纳·普斯京的情况。

This work showed, that Russian monasticism or spirituality are based on Slavic translation of "Filokalia"- paragon of monasticism introduced from Athos in Greek, "Work of wisdom" - a method of monastic prayer and "Starchestvo" - eldership system as the education of monks, and these elements are accepted as a traditional spiritual training by Russian Orthodox Church. But in respect of how they ate reflected in secular culture, we went no further than recognizing enough signs in the life of Ivan Kireevsky, famous Russian slavophile thinker. The followings are same points concluded in already published essays on this theme.1) A progress of Russian monasticism has started from the introduction of Filokalia" - the second Holy Writ only after the Bible. This monastical paragon, which was translated by Paisii Velichkovsky and had a wide circulation in Russia, gave a definitive course to the stagnated monasticism after the period of Peter the Great2) The substance of prayer as a basis of monasticism in the Orthodox Church was called "Work of Wisdom" based on dogmas of the Eastern St. Fathers, and had a quite original technique. This prayer is a type of monasticism, which came from Byzantine Hesychasm. We pointed out that the it had been mixed with a world view of "Narod" after its introduction to Russia and formed a unique cosmology of a man and the God.3) It was traced, that Ivan Kireevsky, the founder of Slavophilism in Russia, changed his major belief from Westernism to the Orthodox thought, based on some archives about spiritual exchanges with his wife Nataria and with starets Makarii, her spiritual father.4) The concept of "Starchestvo" in Orthodox Church was summarized by using writings of St. Fathers and Russian starlets, and the history of "Starchestvo" in Russia, inherited by pupils of Paisii Velichkovsky, and the circumstances of its introduction to Optina Pustyn in the 19th century were traced.