Central and peripheral neural mechanisms for control of the tube-like heart in Articulata

澳大利亚天鹅绒蠕虫，Euperipatoides kanangrensis用于神经解剖学和定位的5-羟色胺，和FMRFamide样免疫反应性的神经支配的心脏。在整个中枢神经系统的细胞体和神经元突起中观察到5-羟色胺样免疫反应性。FMRFamide样免疫反应神经过程中也观察到了各种周围神经，包括神经的心脏。我们现在已经发现另一个神经分支的神经从心体的神经和支配的交界区的背血管的鳞翅目昆虫（家蚕和旋毛虫）。当电脉冲施加在神经的吻侧切断残端时，该神经抑制逆行心跳。在蚯蚓第10 ~ 13体节中，有4对左右侧心（LHs）。以一对一的方式以恒定的延迟从LH肌细胞记录对施加到节段神经的电刺激的响应。使用抗5-羟色胺抗体的免疫细胞化学显示，在LH的神经过程中有降钙素样免疫反应。这些结果表明，5-羟色胺，其中推定的神经激素的LH，可能是一种兴奋性神经递质。

The Australian velvet worm, Euperipatoides kanangrensis was used for neuroanatomy and for localization of serotonin-, and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the innervation of the heart. Serotonin-like immunoreactivity was observed in cell bodies and neuronal processes throughout the central nervous system. FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neural processes were also observed in a variety of peripheral nerves, including nerves to the heart.We have now found another nerve branching off the nerve from the corpus cardiacum and innervating the junctional region of the dorsal vessel in lepidopterous insects (Bombyx mori and Agrius convolvuli). This nerve inhibited retrograde heartbeat when electrical pulses were applied at the rostral cut-stump of the nerve. These results may indicate that the cardiacal nerve contains inhibitory axons to the anterior region of the dorsal vessel.There are four bilateral pairs of the lateral hearts (LHs) in the 10th to 13th body segments in the earth worm Amynthas sp. Discrete excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) in response to electrical stimuli applied to the segmental nerve were recorded from LH muscle cells in a one to one manner with a constant delay. Immunocytochemistry using anti-serotonin antibodies revealed neural processes in the LH had serotonin-like immunoreactivity. These results suggest that serotonin, among the putative neurohormones for the LHs, may be a excitatory neurotransmitter.