Ion-transfer stripping voltammetry and its application to trace analysis

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Metal ion can be extracted electrochemically into orgnic solvent by controlling the organic water interfacial potential with the aid of the organic reagent which selectively associates with the metal ion.When the extracting solvent volume is very small, which can be confined to a thin layer, the electrochemical liquid/liquid extraction or, in short, electroextraction, followed by stripping voltammetric techniques using the thin-layer organic gel electrode allows determination of metal ions at ppb levels; Hg^<2+> and Pb^<2+> ions with 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16-hexathiacyclooctadecane, and Pb^<2+>, Cd^<2+>, and Zn^<2+> ions with 5,6-dipenyl-3-(2-pyridyl)-1, 2, 4-triazine. Also, polyoxyethylene alkyl and alkyl phenyl ether surfactants in water at 10 ppb can be determined with Ca^<2+> ion as an extractant by the electroextraction followed by stripping voltammetry.The present voltammetric technique may be applied to the determination of ionizable drugs at trace level. Voltammetric behavior of the local anesthetics such as procaine and lidocaine and the antihistamine drugs such as doxlamine and pheniramine have been investigated in detail.Also, we found that a non-volatile solvent, 1, 6-dichlorohexane, is useful as the extracting solvent in the voltammetric technique.