Development of Distributed Snowmelt Runoff model taking the atmospheric turbulence into effect

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A distributed snowmelt runoff model is developed and tested with the Uono River basin and the Mississippi and Lena River basins. Application of the model is shown to be successful if the snowfall precipitation is corrected for the amount of precipitation and the dependence on the altitude. The former correction is believed to have to do with the catch ratio of the rain gage for snow precipitation, while the latter is due to the speculation that the snow precipitation increase with elevation.In order to ascertain the reliability of the snowmelt runoff model, two kinds of verification of the intermediate state variables of the model is tested. One is the snow-covered area, which can be measured with the data of a artificial satellite, Landsat in this case, to be compared with the output of the runoff model. It is shown that to test this variable in the quantitative sense needs extensive work to check the Landsat data with the ground truth data.The second item tested is the turbulent heat flux inside of the surface boundary layer to be compared with the snowmelt terms of sensible and latent heat. The turbulent heat flux over the snowcover is measured in the Uono River basin and tested with the model output showing the good agreement.