The Social Structure of Gentry Community from Eleventh- to Thirteenth century England

约翰·吉灵厄姆将11世纪90年代至11世纪30年代称为“漫长的11世纪”。他发现了这一时期绅士阶层的产生。彼得·科斯在他的巨著《绅士阶层的起源》中对11世纪英国绅士阶层的起源进行了批判。在这个项目中，我从家庭、社区、封臣、记忆和书面记录以及争端的解决等角度，研究了11世纪至13世纪肯特郡绅士群体的现实，即“好人社会”。自乔治·杜比以来，人们一直认为11世纪是一夫一妻制家庭的起源。大卫·贝茨（David Bates）证实了从无定形的亲属集团转变的过程，涉及到1040年到1060年拓扑学的扩散。这就是地方性的诞生。在英国，“隐约感觉到”没有使用地名学。对詹姆斯·霍尔特爵士来说，盎格鲁-撒克逊地名通常指向村庄，不同于诺曼地名，诺曼地名指向领主或城堡。豪 ...更多信息 然而，“尽管偶尔和很少，但应用于英语thegns的主题词并不表示仅仅。在一个农村社区的居住地，但领主谁拥有这些社区组成的地产。“gentry”一词源于“gentrice”，即出身良好的人。人们赋予这个词的特征始终不输于后者，主要表现在：（1）是地方地主，是地方精英。（2）对地方，特别是对县，具有集体认同感。（3）.它与一个公共权力机构有关，有机会参与地方皇家治理。总之，士绅是一种次要的贵族，这种地位群体是由国王的地方治理形成的。根据王权和地方政府结构的不同，他们的现实情况因时、因地而异。因此，我们必须溯流而上，追溯士绅的历史，直到地方的源头。他们分享着记忆，是国王和国家的好人。正是这些会议给这个县带来了实质和轮廓。正是好人参与了地方争端的解决并保存了集体记忆。我们发现好人社会诞生于漫长的世纪之初。整个世纪，到了13世纪，当王国共同体的意识出现时，他们称自己为“肯特共同体的骑士和士绅”，从法律的意义上说，郡共同体形成了。正是他们使英国在欧洲历史上独树一帜。少

John Gillingham designates the years from 990s to 1130s as ‘the long-eleventh century'. He finds out the birth of gentry in this period. Peter Coss criticizes the the eleventh-century origin of English gentry in his great book. In this project I have researched the realities of the community of the gentry, that is, ‘the society of the good men', from eleventh- to thirteenth century Kent from such points of view as family, community, vassalage, memory and written record, and the settlement of dispute.Since George Duby, the long-eleventh century has been said to see the origin of the monogamic family. David Bates verifies the process of the transformation from the amorphous kin-group, referring to the diffusion of toponymics from 1040 to 1060. That is the birth of locality.In England the usage of toponymics has been ‘vaguely felt' absent. To Sir James Holt, an Anglo-Saxon toponymic usually leads to a village', different from a Norman toponymic, which leads to 'a lordship or castle'. Howe … More ver, ‘the toponymics applied, albeit sporadically and rarely, to English thegns, do not indicate mere. residence in a rural community, but the lords who owned the estates of which those communities were composed.'The word gentry stems from ‘gentrice', good men in birth. The characteristics, which people attributed to this word, never lost to the last, are as follows : (1).It is a local landowner and a territorial elite. (2).It has a collective identity with its locality, specially with the county. (3).It relates to a public authority and has a chance to participate in local royal governance. In short, a gentry is a type of lesser nobility and this status group was formed by the king's local governance. Their realities varied from time to time and from place to place according to differences in kingship and local governmental structure. Therefore we must go upstream of the history of gentry as far as the source of the locality.Sharing the memories, they were good men to the kings as well as to the country. It was the meetings that gave substance and contour to the county. It was good men who took part in the settlement of local disputes and preserved collective memories. We find the birth of the society of good men in the beginning of the long-eleventh century. Through the twelfth century, in the thirteenth century when the sense of community of realm appeared, they called themselves `the knights and gentry of the community of Kent' and in legal sense the community of the shire was formed. It was they that made England unique in the European History. Less