The Social Structure of Gentry Community from Eleventh- to Thirteenth century England

约翰·格林厄姆把90年代到1130年代这段时间称为“漫长的11世纪”。他在这一时期发现了士绅的诞生。彼得·科斯在他的巨著中批评了11世纪英国绅士的起源。在这个项目中，我研究了11世纪到13世纪肯特郡绅士社区的现实情况，即“好人社会”，从家庭、社区、封臣、记忆和书面记录以及争端解决等方面进行了研究。自乔治·杜比（George Duby）以来，据说漫长的11世纪见证了一夫一妻制家庭的起源。David Bates以1040年到1060年间地名的扩散为参照，验证了从无定形的亲属群转变的过程。这就是局部性的诞生。在英国，人们“隐约感觉到”没有使用地名。对詹姆斯·霍尔特爵士来说，盎格鲁-撒克逊人的地名通常指向“村庄”，而诺曼人的地名则指向“领主或城堡”。然而，更重要的是，尽管偶尔和很少，地名名称应用于英语thegns，并不表示单纯。居住在农村社区，但拥有组成这些社区的地产的领主。gentry这个词源于gentrice，意思是天生的好人。人们认为这个词的特点，从来没有失去，最后，如下：(1)。它是当地的地主和领土精英。（2）.它与它的地方，特别是与县有一种集体认同。（3）.它与公共权力有关，并有机会参与地方王室治理。简言之，士绅是一种等级较低的贵族，这种地位群体是由国王的地方治理形成的。根据王权和地方政府结构的不同，他们的现实也随时间和地点的不同而不同。因此，我们必须溯到士绅历史的上游去寻找地方的根源。分享回忆，他们对国王和国家都是好人。正是这些会议给这个县带来了实质和轮廓。只有好人才能参与解决地方争端，保存集体记忆。我们发现，在漫长的十一世纪初，好人社会诞生了。12世纪到13世纪，当国家共同体意识出现时，他们称自己为“肯特郡的骑士和绅士”在法律意义上，郡共同体形成了。正是他们使英国成为欧洲历史上独一无二的国家。少

John Gillingham designates the years from 990s to 1130s as ‘the long-eleventh century'. He finds out the birth of gentry in this period. Peter Coss criticizes the the eleventh-century origin of English gentry in his great book. In this project I have researched the realities of the community of the gentry, that is, ‘the society of the good men', from eleventh- to thirteenth century Kent from such points of view as family, community, vassalage, memory and written record, and the settlement of dispute.Since George Duby, the long-eleventh century has been said to see the origin of the monogamic family. David Bates verifies the process of the transformation from the amorphous kin-group, referring to the diffusion of toponymics from 1040 to 1060. That is the birth of locality.In England the usage of toponymics has been ‘vaguely felt' absent. To Sir James Holt, an Anglo-Saxon toponymic usually leads to a village', different from a Norman toponymic, which leads to 'a lordship or castle'. Howe … More ver, ‘the toponymics applied, albeit sporadically and rarely, to English thegns, do not indicate mere. residence in a rural community, but the lords who owned the estates of which those communities were composed.'The word gentry stems from ‘gentrice', good men in birth. The characteristics, which people attributed to this word, never lost to the last, are as follows : (1).It is a local landowner and a territorial elite. (2).It has a collective identity with its locality, specially with the county. (3).It relates to a public authority and has a chance to participate in local royal governance. In short, a gentry is a type of lesser nobility and this status group was formed by the king's local governance. Their realities varied from time to time and from place to place according to differences in kingship and local governmental structure. Therefore we must go upstream of the history of gentry as far as the source of the locality.Sharing the memories, they were good men to the kings as well as to the country. It was the meetings that gave substance and contour to the county. It was good men who took part in the settlement of local disputes and preserved collective memories. We find the birth of the society of good men in the beginning of the long-eleventh century. Through the twelfth century, in the thirteenth century when the sense of community of realm appeared, they called themselves `the knights and gentry of the community of Kent' and in legal sense the community of the shire was formed. It was they that made England unique in the European History. Less