The Social Structure of Gentry Community from Eleventh- to Thirteenth century England

约翰·吉林厄姆将90年代至113世纪称为“漫长的11世纪”。他发现了这一时期士绅的诞生。彼得·科斯在他的巨著中批评了英国绅士的11世纪起源。在这个项目中，我从家庭、社区、封地、记忆和文字记录以及争端的解决等角度研究了11世纪至13世纪肯特绅士社区的现实，即‘好人社会’。自乔治·杜比以来，人们一直认为长达11世纪的一夫一妻制家庭是起源的。大卫·贝茨以地名从1040年到1060年的扩散为例，验证了无定形亲属群的转变过程。这就是地方性的诞生。在英格兰，地名的使用“隐约感觉”消失了。对詹姆斯·霍尔特爵士来说，盎格鲁-撒克逊地名通常通向一个村庄“，与诺曼地名不同，它通向”爵位或城堡“。Howe…虽然偶尔也很少用在英语中，但这些地名用在英语中并不意味着仅仅是。指乡村社区的住所，但指拥有组成这些社区的庄园的领主。‘绅士’一词源于‘绅士’一词，指出身良好的人。人们认为这个词最根本的特点是：(1)它是当地的地主和领地精英。(2)它对其所在的地方，特别是对县具有集体认同。(3)它与公共权力有关，并有机会参与地方皇家治理。简而言之，绅士是一种次要贵族，这一地位集团是由国王的地方治理形成的。根据王权和地方政府结构的不同，他们的现实情况随时间和地点的不同而不同。因此，我们必须追溯士绅的历史，直到地方的源头。他们是国王的好人，也是国家的好人，这是他们的共同记忆。正是这些会议给这个县带来了实质性的内容和轮廓。是好人参与了当地争端的解决，保存了集体记忆。我们发现好人社会的诞生是在长达十一世纪之初。在整个12世纪，当王国共同体意识出现时，他们自称为肯特共同体的骑士和绅士，在法律意义上形成了郡共同体。正是他们使英国在欧洲历史上独树一帜。较少

John Gillingham designates the years from 990s to 1130s as ‘the long-eleventh century'. He finds out the birth of gentry in this period. Peter Coss criticizes the the eleventh-century origin of English gentry in his great book. In this project I have researched the realities of the community of the gentry, that is, ‘the society of the good men', from eleventh- to thirteenth century Kent from such points of view as family, community, vassalage, memory and written record, and the settlement of dispute.Since George Duby, the long-eleventh century has been said to see the origin of the monogamic family. David Bates verifies the process of the transformation from the amorphous kin-group, referring to the diffusion of toponymics from 1040 to 1060. That is the birth of locality.In England the usage of toponymics has been ‘vaguely felt' absent. To Sir James Holt, an Anglo-Saxon toponymic usually leads to a village', different from a Norman toponymic, which leads to 'a lordship or castle'. Howe … More ver, ‘the toponymics applied, albeit sporadically and rarely, to English thegns, do not indicate mere. residence in a rural community, but the lords who owned the estates of which those communities were composed.'The word gentry stems from ‘gentrice', good men in birth. The characteristics, which people attributed to this word, never lost to the last, are as follows : (1).It is a local landowner and a territorial elite. (2).It has a collective identity with its locality, specially with the county. (3).It relates to a public authority and has a chance to participate in local royal governance. In short, a gentry is a type of lesser nobility and this status group was formed by the king's local governance. Their realities varied from time to time and from place to place according to differences in kingship and local governmental structure. Therefore we must go upstream of the history of gentry as far as the source of the locality.Sharing the memories, they were good men to the kings as well as to the country. It was the meetings that gave substance and contour to the county. It was good men who took part in the settlement of local disputes and preserved collective memories. We find the birth of the society of good men in the beginning of the long-eleventh century. Through the twelfth century, in the thirteenth century when the sense of community of realm appeared, they called themselves `the knights and gentry of the community of Kent' and in legal sense the community of the shire was formed. It was they that made England unique in the European History. Less