Political Economy of the Second Generation Policy Reform in Latin America

拉美国家在20世纪90年代开始了追求市场机制的重大政策改革。然而，政策改革的结果并不一定意味着在大多数拉丁美洲国家恢复持续增长和改善社会公平。从这个意义上说，拉丁美洲非常有必要进行所谓的“第二代政策改革”，以改善国家和机构的作用。这个项目的主要目的是通过跨学科的方法，结合经济学、国际关系和政治学来研究以下问题。(1)拉美第二代改革面临的基本挑战是什么？(2)政府如何以及为什么可以激励国家和机构改革？(3)民主的发展如何促进第二代改革？在项目的头两年，每个调查人员针对指定的国家：巴西、阿根廷和智利进行研究。研究结果发表在《拉丁美洲的政策改革》卷中，日本神户大学，2003年。在项目的最后一年，由于其中一位调查员Hosono教授因为被任命为厄瓜多尔大使而退出了团队，我们将重点放在了阿根廷货币危机和劳工运动的主题上。作为临时结论，我们可以强调几点要点：(1)拉丁美洲要想推进第二代改革，最关键的因素在于政府本身的激励。是什么影响了政府的激励结构？(2)我们理解，全球化和民主政治制度的深化使各国与世界经济的联系日益紧密，这有助于改善各国政府的激励结构。

Latin American countries have embarked on dramatic policy reforms in the 1990s that pursue market mechanism. However the consequences of the policy reforms do not necessarily mean a resurgence of sustained growth and improvement of social equity in most of the Latin American countries. In this sense, it is very essential for Latin America to conduct so-called "Second Generation Policy Reforms" that improve state and institutional roles.The main objective of this project is to investigate the following questions from an interdisciplinary approach that combines economics, international relations, and political science.(1) What are the basic challenges for the second generation reform in Latin America?(2) How and why governments can have incentives for states and institutional reform?(3) How the developments of democracy can contribute to the second generation reform?In the first two years of the project, each investigators conducted researches with respects to the assigned countries : Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The research results were published in the volume, Policy Reforms in Latin America, RIBE, Kobe University, 2003. In the final year of the project, since one of the investigators, Professor Hosono declined from the team because of the appointment to the Ambassador in Ecuador, we focused on the theme regarding currency crisis and labor movement in Argentina.As interim conclusions we can stress a couple of important points :(1) In order to progress the second generation reform in Latin America, the most essential factor lies in the incentives of the governments themselves. What have influenced the incentive structure of the governments?(2) We understand that increasing linkages to the world economy by globalization and deepening of the democratic political system have contributed to the improvements of the incentive structures of the governments.