A Study on Water Use and Effect of Irrigation Development to Regional Agriculture in Myanmar using cropping Records and "Kwin Maps"

通过对缅甸灌区的水利用、土地利用和农业进行分析，以“Kwin Map”和“Crop Cultivation Records”作为村庄尺度的案例研究，证明了该地区的农业用水和土地利用与该地区的环境是和谐发展的。此外，研究还显示，利用“桂图”和“作物栽培记录”进行土地利用分析，以及阅读“桂图”上的“地貌”分类，重点关注耕作地块的边界形状和空间安排，对于准确了解微地形和水文环境非常有效。在研究的上缅甸灌区，发现年降雨量影响种植地点/面积，更集约化的农业已经开始使用地下水和农用化学品，这可能会引发该地区一些农田的盐碱化和土地退化。在本研究中，我们还打算考察作物生产现状和农民对农业的行为，以阐明灌溉发展对上缅农村村庄规模农业的影响。研究表明，在已开发的灌区，水稻产量有很大的提高潜力。然而，政府补贴不足、化肥市场价格偏高和农业机械化水平较低被认为是影响水稻生产潜力发挥的扭曲因素。因此，结论是政府应增加提供补贴，如化肥、农药、化肥和农业机械，同时努力改善灌溉系统，以有效和高效地利用农业部门的水，进一步提高作物生产力和农业的盈利能力。

By analyzing water use, land use and farming in Myanmar irrigated area using "Kwin Map" and the "Crop Cultivation Records" as village scale case studies, it proved that farming water and land use in the region evolved in harmony with the area's environment. In addition, the Study demonstrated that land use analysis using the "Kwin Map" and the "Crop Cultivation Records" as well as reading "Land-form" classifications on the "Kwin Map" focusing on boundary shapes and spatial arrangements of farming plots are highly effective in order to accurately understand micro topography and hydrological settings. In the studied Upper Burma irrigation area, it is found that annual rainfalls affect cropping locations/area and more intensive agriculture has started using ground water and agro-chemicals which might trigger salinization and land degradation on some farm lands of the areas.In the study, we also intended to examine the present situation of crop production and the behaviors of farmers on agriculture, to clarify the effects of irrigation development on village scale agriculture in Upper Burma rural area. The Study indicated that there were enough potential to increase the productivity of rice under irrigation area developed. However, insufficient government's subsidies, higher market price of fertilizer and lower improvement in agricultural mechanization were considered as distorting factors to meet the potential of rice production. Therefore, it was concluded that government should increases the provision of subsidies, such as fertilizer, pesticides, furl, and farm machinery, together with the efforts given on the improvement of irrigation system for the effective and efficient water use in agricultural sector, further improvement in crop productivity and profitability of agriculture.