Monitoring the contribution of European grasslands to the conservation of soil biodiversity and ecosystem function under multiple global change stressors

与植物和动物不同，欧洲保护区在多种全球变化压力下保护土壤生物多样性和生态系统服务的能力几乎是未知的。自然草原和农业草原在保护生物多样性和可持续粮食生产方面发挥着基础性作用。不同类型的草原(保护区、半自然草原和农田)提供多种生态系统功能，但也有重要的权衡(例如，粮食生产与土壤固碳)。人们还不太清楚哪种草原系统能更好地抵御扰动和气候变化。在当前人为气候变暖的背景下，以及在应对干旱、杀虫剂和过度施肥等威胁土壤生物多样性和功能保护的其他多种共存压力时，这种知识的缺乏尤其令人担忧。GRASS4FUN旨在比较草原在土地利用集约化梯度上支持的土壤生物多样性、生态网络和生态系统服务，并根据景观特征，查看它们的保护状态(时间动态)和对多种全球变化应激源的抵抗力。为了做到这一点，我们将把现有的欧洲调查与泛欧洲梯度上300个草原(受保护草原、半自然草原和农田)的土壤生物多样性和功能监测结合起来，并将进一步模拟多种全球变化情景下和欧洲尺度下三种土地利用类型之间的土壤生物多样性、生态系统服务和基本权衡的未来。随后将进行温室实验，以测试土壤生物多样性和功能对包括干旱、农药使用、氮污染和重金属在内的多种全球胁迫的响应。我们还具体测试了景观属性(例如，景观异质性)是否会影响地上和地下的生物多样性及其缓冲全球变化压力的能力。GRASS4FUN将与多个利益攸关方携手合作，促进向利益攸关方、政策制定者和社会转移，根本目标是提供开创性知识，使生态系统更能适应全球压力，并保护欧洲生物多样性，包括生活在土壤中的生物。

Unlike for plant and animals, the capacity of European protected areas to conserve soil biodiversity and ecosystem services under multiple global change stressors is virtually unknown. Natural and agricultural grasslands play fundamental roles for biodiversity conservation and sustainable food production. The different types of grasslands (protected areas, semi-natural grasslands and croplands) provide multiple ecosystem functions, but there are also important trade-offs (e.g., food production vs. soil carbon sequestration). It is also still poorly understood which grassland system buffers better against perturbation and climate change. This lack of knowledge is especially concerning in the current context of anthropogenic climate warming, and in response to other multiple co-occurring stressors threatening the conservation of soil biodiversity and function, such as drought, pesticides and over-fertilization. GRASS4FUN aims to compare the soil biodiversity, ecological networks and ecosystem services supported by grasslands across a land-use intensification gradient, and in response to landscape features, looking at their conservation status (temporal dynamic) and resistance to multiple global change stressors. In order to do this, we will combine existing European surveys with the monitoring of soil biodiversity and function in 300 grasslands (protected grasslands, semi-natural grasslands and croplands) across a pan-European gradient, and will further model the future of soil biodiversity, ecosystem services and fundamental trade-offs among the three land-use types under multiple global change scenarios and at the European scale. Greenhouse experiments will subsequently be performed to test the responses of soil biodiversity and function to multiple global stresses including drought, pesticide use, nitrogen pollution and heavy metals. We specifically also test whether landscape attributes (e.g., landscape heterogeneity) impact above and belowground biodiversity and its ability to buffer against global change stresses. GRASS4FUN will be performed hand-by-hand with multiple stakeholders to facilitate transfer to stakeholders, policy makers and society with the fundamental goal of providing ground-breaking knowledge to make ecosystems more resilience to global stresses and protect European biodiversity, including organisms living in soils.