Study on practical significance of knowledge of Fact, Act and Norm-Philosophical review of contrast between 'nature' and 'artificiality'

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In this research, we aimed to clarify the practical significance of knowledge and cognition from social, legal, systematic and ethical perspectives. To achieve this aim, we attempted to reexamine the traditional philosophical contrast between 'nature' and 'artificiality'. Each of the research achievements of head investigator and investigators is as follows.Sumio Matsunaga examined the situation in which knowledge concerns norm, and described how knowledge functions in custom and social system.Masayuki Amano examined the concepts of 'physis' and 'nomos' in Greek philosophy, and clarified the significance of those concepts.Mamoru Takayama reconsidered the concepts of 'nature' and 'life' through examining the significance of Hegel's "Logik" and causal theory of J.L.Mackie and B.Russell, and based on that, investigated the meanings of life, act, and norm.Masaki Ichinose investigated from a practical point of view how our knowledge is generated by taking the problem of causation into account concerning such fields as the philosophy of probability, vagueness, historical knowledge, and Bayesian epistemology.Tetsuya Sakakibara, who has participated in this research since 2003, approached a theme "Nature and Artificiality" from view point of problems concerning "Nature and Spirit" in Husserl's Phenomenology. Consequently, it has become clear that in Husserl these problems have been formed through a confrontation with thoughts of Dilthey and neokantian philosophers and a philosophy as "artificiality" has an ethicality when one consider it in perspective of Husserl.Mieko Itoh approached "Nature" and "Act" in philosophy of Kant, and studied their connection and their theoretical base.Mao Naka studied French Ethics, especially that of Levinas and Nabert and this study made clear important aspects of a rapport between "Suffering" and "Evil".