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Development and disorders of human infants' and other primates' understanding of other's gaze and facial expression : Reexamination into social referencing

人类婴儿和其他灵长类动物对他人凝视和面部表情理解的发育和障碍：社会参考的重新审视

基本信息

批准号：
14310061
负责人：
ENDO Toshihiko
金额：
$ 4.54万
依托单位：
Kyoto University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
2002
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2002 至 2005
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The main purpose of our research project was to investigate the developmental process and mechanism of infants' gaze- and emotional expression- understanding through focusing upon joint attention and social referencing. In order to attain to that goal, firstly, we reviewed previous studies on human infants' gaze- and emotion expression understandings, including the researches concerning other primates', and discussed those theoretical implications and some unsolved problems. On the basis of such theoretical review, we assumed infants' joint attention and social referencing to be not intra-individual competences but inter-individual or relational phenomena, and planned to explicate caregivers' role in those occurrence and development. As a result, we could partially shed light on the developmental process of social referencing, i.e. from the "involved" style (infants' behavior modulation through their being passively involved in caregivers' emotions), via the "scaffolded" style (infants' behavior modulation through their being scaffolded by caregivers' concerns for infants' attention and intention), to "autonomously referencing" style (infants' behavior modulation through their own autonomously referencing caregivers' emotions). In addition, we observed the daily interactions between infants and their caregivers at their homes, and obtained the results suggesting that caregivers' tendency of mental attribution to a variety of infants' behaviors could influence caregivers' usage of mental-state words, manipulation of infants' attention, and infants' development of gaze understanding including joint attention and social referencing.

本研究的主要目的是通过关注联合注意和社会参照来探讨婴儿注视-情绪表达-理解的发展过程和机制。为了实现这一目标，我们首先回顾了以往关于人类婴儿注视和情绪表达理解的研究，包括其他灵长类动物的研究，并讨论了这些研究的理论意义和一些尚未解决的问题。在此基础上，我们假设婴儿的共同注意和社会参照不是个体内的能力，而是个体间或关系间的现象，并计划阐明照顾者在这些发生和发展中的作用。因此，我们可以部分地揭示社会参照的发展过程，即从“卷入”风格（婴儿通过被动地参与照顾者的情绪来进行行为调节），通过“脚手架”式（通过照顾者对婴儿注意力和意图的关注来调节婴儿的行为），到“自主参照”风格（婴儿通过自主参照照顾者的情绪进行行为调节）。此外，我们观察了婴儿和他们的照顾者之间的日常互动在他们的家，并获得的结果表明，照顾者的心理归因倾向的各种婴儿的行为可以影响照顾者的使用心理状态的话，婴儿的注意力的操纵，和婴儿的凝视理解的发展，包括联合注意和社会参考。