An analysis of the formation of Welsh national identities represented in the 19^<th> century Welsh travel disoourses and eisteddfodau poetry

我们从威尔士国家图书馆的档案中收集了19世纪出版的与威尔士国家和地形图像有关的文本、图片和地图；在Esteddfodaw制作的诗歌和演讲；以及来自英国图形媒体的关于威尔士的插图新闻。我们还通过实际选择这些路线，对受欢迎的威尔士之旅进行了摄影再现。以下是我们通过研究获得的思考：1.在18世纪下半叶，一些受过教育的英国人在“古不列颠人”中寻找新统一的不列颠的文化渊源，并领导了英国复兴运动，这实际上是为了振兴威尔士传统文化。不仅英国文人参与了这场运动，居住在威尔士的伦敦威尔士人和威尔士中上阶层也参与了这场运动。这导致了威尔士山区风景的发现，成为英国风景原型的标志，这引发了在en…的威尔士旅游热潮更多的是18世纪的D。还重建了Esteddfod，以在威尔士组织现代芭蕾舞比赛。这一时期威尔士的形象代表了英国“辉煌而神秘的过去”，以德鲁伊教、吟游诗人和崇高或风景如画的威尔士风景为代表。2.然而，19世纪见证了交通基础设施的发展，如贯穿英国的铁路网的建立，因此威尔士成为大众旅游的容易到达的目的地。与此同时，维多利亚时代的工业英格兰开始怀旧地凝视着工业化前的传统社区。在这种情况下，熟悉的威尔士吸引了英国游客，他们在那里发现了阿卡迪亚，无辜的人们和平地生活在那里。3.在19世纪中叶，臭名昭著的蓝皮书出版了。这是英国政府检查员的一份报告，他们谴责威尔士不仅是一个不发达的国家，而且是一个道德、教育和文化都因使用威尔士语而退化的国家。这本书激起了威尔士人的民族主义情绪，他们试图塑造出生在山区的威尔士人的形象，他们自学成才，有足够的修养来创作传统的抒情诗，具有高度发达的道德意识和礼貌行为。工人阶级通过诗歌和男声合唱团表现了“受人尊敬的威尔士人”的这种自我形象，这些诗歌和合唱团于19世纪末在National eisteddfodau演出，目的是宣传威尔士人和英国邻居一样好，能够作为她的忠实公民为英国的进步做出贡献。较少

We collected from the archives of the Welsh National Library materials such as texts, pictures, maps published in the 19^<th> century related to Welsh national and topographical images ; poetry and speeches produced at eisteddfodaw ; and illustrated news concerning Wales from English graphic media. We also made photographical reoord of popular Welsh tours by actually eloring these routes.The following are the consideration gained through our research :1.During the second half of the 18^<th> century, some of the educated English sought the cultural origin of the newly united Britain in the "ancient Britons", and led the British Revival, which actually meant to revitalize Welsh traditional cultures. Not only the English literati, but also the London Welsh and the upper & middle class Welsh resided in Wales were involved in this movement. It led to the discovery of mountainous Welsh scenery as the icon of the prototype of British landscapes, which invited the boom of Welsh tours at the en … More d of the 18^<th> century. The eisteddfod was also reestablished to organize modern bardic competitions in Wales. The image of Welshness at this period designated "the glorious and mysterious past" of Britain, represented by druids, bards, and sublime or picturesque Welsh scenery.2.The 19^<th> century however, saw the development of traffic infrastructure such as the establishment of the railroad network through Britain, as a result of which Wales became an easily accessible destination for mass tourism. At the same time the industrial Victorian England started to send her nostalgic gaze towards the pre-industirialised traditional community Under these circumstances, the familialised Wales attracted English tourists who found there the arcadia where the innocent folk lived peacefully.3.At the middle of the 19^<th> century, the notorious Blue Book was published. It was a report made by English governmental inspectors who condemned that Wales was a not only underdeveloped, but a morally, educationally and culturally degraded country due to the use of the Welsh language. The book provoked the nationalism on the part of the Welsh and they tried to construct the image of the Welsh folk who were born in mountainsides, but self-educated and much cultured enough to compose traditional bardic poems, and had a highly developed sense of moral and polite behaviours. This self-image of the "respectable Welsh folk" was represented through poems and male-choirs by the working-class, which were performed at national eisteddfodau in the late 19^<th> century in order to publicise that the Welsh are as good as the English neighbours, and are able to contribute to the progress of the Britain as her faithful citizens. Less