Analysis of Environmental Variability and Sea-Ice Climate and Dynamics Process in the Sea of Okhotsk

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Inter-annual and year-to-year variability in hydrometeorological parameters, snow and sea-ice has been studied with AWSs (Automated Weather Stations), IPSs/ADCPs (Ice Profiling Sonar/Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler), EM (Electromagnetic Induction Sounding of snow/sea-ice thickness measurements) at/offshore Chaivo, northeastern Sakhalin and Saroma-ko lagoon, Hokkaido in the Sea of Okhotsk. The model of snow/sea-ice thickness evolution was verified to agree well with those observed data.Ice climatology was also studied in the Baltic Sea to compare that in the Sea of Okhotsk, as representatives of a seasonal sea ice zone.Ship-borne EM measurements of snow/sea-ice thickness were carried out in the Sea of Okhotsk, Antarctic Ocean, Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea and trans-Arctic Ocean from the Bering Strait to the Fram Strait via the North Pole to investigate spatial, seasonal and year-to-year variability in sea-ice thickness.An ice-ocean coupled model was applied to the Arctic Ocean to understand processes of air-sea-ice-ocean interactions in the Arctic. It appeared that most of the Arctic sea ice consisted of deformed ice in association with atmospheric variability in 10 year cycle.