Oxygen deficient syndrome beneath the Super Continent : role of graphite in grobal carbon cycling

石墨是在一定压力、温度和化学惰性作用下变质的各种上地壳岩石中广泛存在的一种常见的辅助矿物。另一方面，据报道，从天然含碳流体（如含有CO2、CO和/或CH4的流体）中析出固体碳（石墨）。重点研究了地幔相关流体继承型石墨矿床的成因和碳同位素特征，分为脉状和岩浆型。2003年，我们对马达加斯加的石墨产状进行了调查，首次发现了新的早期炭屑岩产状，与印度南部和斯里兰卡发现的典型的早期炭屑岩非常相似。这些早期的绿帘石被认为是在印度和斯里兰卡高度干燥（缺水）的变质作用下形成的。在马达加斯加，这种炭质岩石的出现也表明了在冈瓦纳深地壳岩石中渗透的缺水流体的存在。2004年，我们在印度南部的Achancovil剪切带进行了石墨赋存调查，在该剪切带的片麻岩中，辉生岩中石墨赋存，得到了地幔碳同位素的显著特征。在2003-2005年的项目期间，我们调查了马达加斯加、南非、印度南部、乌克兰和希腊的石墨出现情况。在高度变质的壳幔源岩中发现了石墨的新赋存。我们还与高知大学的santosh教授和横滨国立大学的arima教授合作，在高知大学举办了冈瓦纳虫进化和传播的国际研讨会和实地讲习班。我们组织了题为“冈瓦纳地壳中的流体”的特别会议。本文邀请了来自印度、斯里兰卡和乌克兰的4位特邀嘉宾，介绍了冈瓦纳超大陆与石墨产状有关的地壳演化的地球化学和地质新特征。少

Graphite is a widespread and common accessory mineral in a variety of supracrustal rocks metamorphosed over a range of pressure temperature, and chemical inertness. On the other hand the precipitation of solid carbon (graphite) from natural carbon bearing fluids was reported such as those containing CO2,CO and/or CH4. We focused on the origin and carbon isotope of mantle related fluid inherited graphite deposits as a vein and magmatic types. During in 2003, we sueveyed the occurrence of graphite in Madagascar and at the first time found of new occurrence of incipient charnockitic rocks which is very similar to the typical incipient charnockite discovered in Southern India and Sri Lanka. These incipient charnockite were believed to be formed descication of metamorphism with highly dry(deficient of water) in India and Sri Lanka. In Madagascar, this occurrence of charnockitic rocks also informed the water deficient fluid presence which penetrated on the deep crustal rocks in the Gondwana … More supracrust. In 2004, we surveyed the graphite occurrences in Achancovil Shear Zone, south India where graphite occurrece of eclogitic rocks in gamet-spinel bearing gneiss and gave us the significant signature of mantle carbon in isotopes.We investigated during the project periods between 2003-2005 the occurrences of graphites in Madagascar, South Africa, Southern India, Ukraine, and Greece. We discovered the newly occurrence of graphites in highly metamorphosed crustal and mantle originated rocks. We also held an International symposium and field workshop on Gondwana evolution and dispersal in Kochi University collaborating with Profs.M.Santosh of Kochi Univesity and M.Arima of Yokohama National University. We organized the special sessions entitled the Fluids in the Gondwana Crust. Four special guest speakers invited from Sapin, Sri Lanka and Ukraine are presented the newly geochemical and gelogoical characteristics with the crustal evolution related with the occurrence of graphites in the Gondwana supercontinent. Less