The Study about the Wartime Science Mobilization at WWII in Japan

日本二战战时科学动员研究

• 批准号: 16300286
• 负责人: KAWAMURA Yutaka
• 金额: $ 2.88万
• 依托单位: Tokyo National College of Technology
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 2004
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2004 至 2006
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-16300286/
• 关键词: Wartime Science; Mobilization of Science; Japanese Education Ministry; Science Policy; Science Research Council of Japan; Technology Agency (Gijyutu-In); War and Science; 戦時科学史; 日本科学史; 科学技術動員

In this research project, firstly, I founded important materials about Japanese wartime science policy, especially science policy of Education of Ministry. This materials name is Uchida Yoshikazu Monjyo( The Document of Uchida Yoshikazu). Uchida was former President of Tokyo University at WWII. And, I made the documents and materials lists (about 3 thousand), personality lists (about 4 hundred) related Japanese wartime science mobilization and wartime science policy. Based on these new materials, I discussed on the following problem. At first, there was no science policy at Education of Ministry in 1930s, because the some famous scientists only request the promotion of basic and fundamental scientific research. But at 1938, Planning Agency( founded at 1937) established the Science Council, and under the stimulus of Planning Agency's movement, Education Agency established rival organization, the Investigation Committees for the Promotion of Science. That was first conflict between two Agencies. The Education Agency formulated next new wartime science policy at 1943 summer with a background of deteriorated war situation. In this time, the Agency simulated the dissolution of Technology Agency which Panning Agency established at January 1942, and the bureaucrat of Education Agency wanted to control all of the wartime science policy and scientists' mobilization. But the conflict between Education Agency and Technology Agency was not eliminated. At 1944 summer, on the further deterioration of war situation, military and naval forces fixed up more powerful committee, named Army-Navy Technology Operation Committee which could control all area of the science and technology mobilization. This is the final style of Japanese wartime science policy and science mobilization system.

在本研究项目中，笔者首先搜集了有关日本战时科学政策，特别是文部科学省科学政策的重要资料。本资料的名称是内田义一文治（内田义一的文件）。内田是二战时东京大学的前校长。并制作了与日本战时科学动员和战时科学政策有关的文献资料表（约3000份）、人物表（约400份）。基于这些新材料，我对以下问题进行了讨论。在20世纪30年代，由于一些著名的科学家只要求促进基础和基础科学研究，教育部最初没有科学政策。但1938年，企划厅（1937年成立）成立了科学理事会，在企划厅运动的刺激下，教育厅成立了与之竞争的组织--科学促进调查委员会。这是两个机构之间的第一次冲突。1943年夏季，在战争形势恶化的背景下，文部省制定了新的战时科学政策。在此期间，该机构模拟了1942年1月Panning机构成立的技术机构的解散，教育机构的官僚想要控制所有的战时科学政策和科学家的动员。但是，教育局和技术局之间的冲突并没有消除。1944年夏，随着战争形势的进一步恶化，陆、海军两军成立了一个权力更大的委员会--陆、海军技术作战委员会，统管各方面的科技动员工作。这是日本战时科学政策和科学动员体制的最终风格。