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Towards the Wise Use of Coral Sea: Biological and Social Scientific Research about Optimal Use ＆ Resource Management of Marine Environmental Resources

走向珊瑚海的明智利用：海洋环境资源优化利用与资源管理的生物和社会科学研究

基本信息

批准号：
16310028
负责人：
SHINBO Teruyuki
金额：
$ 10.05万
依托单位：
Kochi University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
2004
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2004 至 2006
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

1. Our research aims to study actual human impacts, e.g. by economic activity in land area, or by leisure diving, on coral community and the related ecosystem, and implementing social/economic/legal mechanism that make sustainable use of marine natural resources possible. To achieve these goals, we chose 2 main fields : one is the Kashiwajima Island in the Kochi Prefecture where conflicts and overuse in coral sea are at issue, the other is the Yoron Island in the Amami Archipelago that is suffering from serious coral bleaching events. 2. The Yoron Is. : Local residents started Um (= coral) project to promote the restoration of coral. The results of the surveys for supporting this are as follows: (1) Ecological survey: Northwest coral reef was covered at about 50% by living corals. Newly settled juvenile corals were very few except for here where 71 species were recognized. The amount of settlement in 2007 was 107 juveniles on 140 plates (10cm square) and was not so much. Most of juveni … More le corals are Porites, subordinately genus Acropora and Pocilloporidae. Highest density of newly settlement was observed at the northwest reef and it was very rare at other outer-reefs. Ceramics for settlement of coral larvae was also set at the northwest reef and juveniles settled about 17 % of the ceramics. These show a possibility of recovering living corals by the ceramic transplantation in the reef. (2) Water quality survey : As results, in some sampling sites, DIN and DIP concentrations were often over 10-20 μm and 1-2 μM, respectively. These values are significantly high compared with other coral reef. The amounts of water volume flowing into the coastal areas were not so much, but these concentrations in inflow land waters were sometimes extremely high. It was suggested that inflow of highly eutrophic land water to the coastal environment would be possibly causative to the coral reef damage. (3) Legal study : The effect of Law Concerning the Appropriate Treatment and Production of Utilization of Livestock Manure, to correct inappropriate management of livestock manure, was not enough to protect the environment of a small island like Yoron. The government and the people made a unique standard about treatment and utilization of livestock manure and constructed the compost center. Yoron's challenge gives us the key to what policy can be enforceable to realize general protection and reproducing of coral reef. Next, there is the probability that eutrophicated groundwater outflow to sea and damage coral reef. Then about the possibility of regulating groundwater utilization, regulation of groundwater overdraft does not necessarily mean the taking of landownership, but just limiting the exercise of it, not only risk regulations (pollution control and prevention of land subsidence) but permit system of ground water extraction can be introduced through ordinances if it is proved that the regulations is necessary and there is no less restrictive alternatives. 3. The Kashiwajima Is.: It has been reported 884 fish species belonging to 143 families occurred by 1996. Such high fish diversity might have close relation with the development of hermatypic coral community. But the coral community was given severe damage by the increasing number of divers, corallivorous gastropods and frequent typhoon attacks. (1) Compared with the difference of fish fauna at the 2 experimental sites where coral community is present and absent, the fish individual numbers are significant different in chaetodontids, pomacanthids, pomacentrids, labrids, scarids and acanthurids. (2)The hermatypic coral community was destroyed by typhoons in 2003-4. In 2005, the rate of coverage was 1-3 %. The daily growth rate of young corals after typhoon attacks are 1.09% (Ushironohama), 0.48% (Ryunohama) a day. (3) By CVM and CB, we evaluated the benefits of biodiversity in this coral sea and analyzed factors determined WTP. 4. To conclude, we classified the factors of deteriorating coral sea by the difference of human involvements' pattern, and considered environmental means/policy to mitigate such deteriorations through the case studies. So I clarified that the key to wise use is held by the point whether local community/association of traditional/present sea user, represented by fishermen's group, take the initiative to make good order of utilizing coral sea. Less

1.我们的研究旨在研究人类对珊瑚群落和相关生态系统的实际影响，例如通过陆地地区的经济活动或休闲潜水，以及实施使可持续利用海洋自然资源成为可能的社会/经济/法律机制。为了实现这些目标，我们选择了两个主要领域：一个是高知县的柏岛，那里的珊瑚海冲突和过度使用存在争议；另一个是Amami群岛的约伦岛，那里正在遭受严重的珊瑚白化事件。2.《约伦》是。：当地居民启动了珊瑚项目，促进珊瑚的恢复。支持这一观点的调查结果如下：(1)生态调查：西北珊瑚礁约50%被活珊瑚覆盖。新定居的幼年珊瑚很少，只有这里有71种。2007年的结算量是在140个盘子(10厘米见方)上的107个青少年，而不是那么多。青少年…的大部分较多的珊瑚是Porites，隶属于Acropora和Pocillopidae。新聚落密度最高的是西北部礁体，而其他礁体则很少。珊瑚幼虫的栖息地陶瓷也设置在西北部珊瑚礁，幼体定居约17%的陶瓷。这表明了在珊瑚礁中通过陶瓷移植恢复活珊瑚的可能性。(2)水质调查：在一些采样点，DIN和DIP浓度往往分别超过10-20μm和1-2μM。与其他珊瑚礁相比，这些数值明显偏高。流入沿海地区的水量不是那么多，但流入陆地水域的这些浓度有时非常高。结果表明，富营养化程度较高的陆地水流入海岸环境可能是造成珊瑚礁破坏的原因。(3)法律研究：《畜禽粪便适当处理和生产利用法》对纠正对畜禽粪便的不当管理的作用，不足以保护像约伦这样的小岛的环境。政府和人民对畜禽粪便的处理和利用制定了独特的标准，并建设了堆肥中心。约伦的挑战给了我们一个关键，那就是可以执行什么政策来实现对珊瑚礁的全面保护和繁殖。其次，富营养化的地下水有可能流入大海，破坏珊瑚礁。然后，关于监管地下水利用的可能性，监管地下水透采并不一定意味着取得土地所有权，而只是限制其行使，如果证明监管是必要的，并且没有其他限制较少的替代方案，不仅可以通过条例引入风险监管(控制污染和防止地面沉降)，而且可以通过立法引入地下水开采许可制度。3.鹿儿岛：据报道，截至1996年，共发生鱼类884种，隶属143个科。这种高度的鱼类多样性可能与珊瑚型珊瑚群落的发育密切相关。但潜水员数量的增加、食珊瑚的腹足类动物和频繁的台风袭击给珊瑚群落造成了严重的破坏。(1)与有珊瑚群落和不存在珊瑚群落的两个试验点鱼类区系的差异相比，毛齿类、后棘类、后棘类、唇形目、硬尾类和棘形目的鱼类个体数有显著差异。(2)2003-4年间，台风对珊瑚群落造成了破坏。2005年，这一覆盖率为1-3%。台风来袭后，幼体珊瑚的日生长率分别为1.09%(Ushionohama)、0.48%(Ryunohama)(3)采用CVM法和CB法对该珊瑚海生物多样性效益进行了评价，并对影响该珊瑚海生物多样性效益的因素进行了分析。4.根据人类活动模式的不同，对导致珊瑚海退化的因素进行了分类，并通过案例分析，提出了缓解珊瑚海退化的环境措施和政策。因此，我澄清，明智利用的关键在于以渔民团体为代表的当地社区/传统/现代海洋使用者协会是否主动地对珊瑚海的利用进行良好的秩序管理。较少