Towards the Wise Use of Coral Sea: Biological and Social Scientific Research about Optimal Use ＆ Resource Management of Marine Environmental Resources

1. 我们的研究旨在研究人类活动对珊瑚群落和相关生态系统的实际影响，例如陆地上的经济活动或休闲潜水，以及实施社会/经济/法律机制，使可持续利用海洋自然资源成为可能。为了实现这些目标，我们选择了两个主要领域：一个是高知县的柏岛岛，那里的珊瑚海存在冲突和过度使用问题，另一个是奄美群岛的约伦岛，那里正在遭受严重的珊瑚白化事件。2. 约伦是。：当地居民为了促进珊瑚的恢复，开始了“Um（珊瑚）计划”。支持这一观点的调查结果如下：(1)生态调查：西北珊瑚礁的活珊瑚覆盖率约为50%。新定居的幼珊瑚很少，只有这里有71种。2007年的沉降量是140个盘子（10平方厘米）上的107个少年，并没有那么多。幼珊瑚多为微孔珊瑚，隶属于微孔珊瑚属和微孔珊瑚科。新聚落密度最高的是西北暗礁，其他外暗礁很少有新聚落。在西北礁上还设置了用于珊瑚幼虫沉降的陶瓷，幼鱼沉降了约17%的陶瓷。这显示了在珊瑚礁中通过陶瓷移植恢复活珊瑚的可能性。(2)水质调查：部分采样点DIN和DIP浓度分别超过10-20 μm和1-2 μm。与其他珊瑚礁相比，这些数值明显较高。流入沿海地区的水量并不多，但流入陆地水域的这些浓度有时非常高。认为高富营养化陆地水流入沿海环境可能是造成珊瑚礁破坏的原因。(3)法律研究：《畜禽粪便适当处理和生产利用法》的作用，纠正畜禽粪便的不当管理，不足以保护像约伦岛这样的小岛的环境。政府和人民对畜禽粪便的处理和利用制定了独特的标准，并建设了堆肥中心。约伦的挑战给了我们一把钥匙，让我们知道什么样的政策可以强制执行，以实现珊瑚礁的普遍保护和繁殖。其次，富营养化地下水有可能向海洋流出，破坏珊瑚礁。那么关于规制地下水利用的可能性，规制地下水超采并不一定意味着征用土地所有权，而只是限制土地所有权的行使，除了风险法规（污染控制和防止地面沉降），如果证明有必要，没有限制更少的替代方案，也可以通过条例引入地下水开采许可制度。3. 柏岛群岛。据报道，截至1996年，共发生了143科884种鱼类。如此高的鱼类多样性可能与雌雄同体珊瑚群落的发展密切相关。但是，由于潜水员数量的增加、以珊瑚为食的腹足类动物的增多和频繁的台风袭击，珊瑚群落受到了严重的破坏。(1)与有珊瑚群落和无珊瑚群落的2个试验点的鱼类区系差异相比，毛齿纲、果核纲、果核纲、唇形纲、鳞纲和棘核纲的鱼类个体数量差异显著。(2) 2003- 2004年台风破坏了雌雄同体珊瑚群落。2005年，覆盖率为1- 3%。幼珊瑚在台风袭击后的日生长率分别为1.09%（鸥ironohama）和0.48%（龙之滨）。(3)通过CVM和CB评价了该珊瑚海的生物多样性效益，分析了影响WTP的因素。4. 最后，我们根据人类活动模式的差异对珊瑚海退化的因素进行了分类，并通过案例研究考虑了减轻这种退化的环境手段/政策。因此，我明确了明智利用珊瑚海的关键在于以渔民群体为代表的当地社区/传统/现在的海洋使用者协会是否主动制定好利用珊瑚海的秩序。少

1. Our research aims to study actual human impacts, e.g. by economic activity in land area, or by leisure diving, on coral community and the related ecosystem, and implementing social/economic/legal mechanism that make sustainable use of marine natural resources possible. To achieve these goals, we chose 2 main fields : one is the Kashiwajima Island in the Kochi Prefecture where conflicts and overuse in coral sea are at issue, the other is the Yoron Island in the Amami Archipelago that is suffering from serious coral bleaching events. 2. The Yoron Is. : Local residents started Um (= coral) project to promote the restoration of coral. The results of the surveys for supporting this are as follows: (1) Ecological survey: Northwest coral reef was covered at about 50% by living corals. Newly settled juvenile corals were very few except for here where 71 species were recognized. The amount of settlement in 2007 was 107 juveniles on 140 plates (10cm square) and was not so much. Most of juveni … More le corals are Porites, subordinately genus Acropora and Pocilloporidae. Highest density of newly settlement was observed at the northwest reef and it was very rare at other outer-reefs. Ceramics for settlement of coral larvae was also set at the northwest reef and juveniles settled about 17 % of the ceramics. These show a possibility of recovering living corals by the ceramic transplantation in the reef. (2) Water quality survey : As results, in some sampling sites, DIN and DIP concentrations were often over 10-20 μm and 1-2 μM, respectively. These values are significantly high compared with other coral reef. The amounts of water volume flowing into the coastal areas were not so much, but these concentrations in inflow land waters were sometimes extremely high. It was suggested that inflow of highly eutrophic land water to the coastal environment would be possibly causative to the coral reef damage. (3) Legal study : The effect of Law Concerning the Appropriate Treatment and Production of Utilization of Livestock Manure, to correct inappropriate management of livestock manure, was not enough to protect the environment of a small island like Yoron. The government and the people made a unique standard about treatment and utilization of livestock manure and constructed the compost center. Yoron's challenge gives us the key to what policy can be enforceable to realize general protection and reproducing of coral reef. Next, there is the probability that eutrophicated groundwater outflow to sea and damage coral reef. Then about the possibility of regulating groundwater utilization, regulation of groundwater overdraft does not necessarily mean the taking of landownership, but just limiting the exercise of it, not only risk regulations (pollution control and prevention of land subsidence) but permit system of ground water extraction can be introduced through ordinances if it is proved that the regulations is necessary and there is no less restrictive alternatives. 3. The Kashiwajima Is.: It has been reported 884 fish species belonging to 143 families occurred by 1996. Such high fish diversity might have close relation with the development of hermatypic coral community. But the coral community was given severe damage by the increasing number of divers, corallivorous gastropods and frequent typhoon attacks. (1) Compared with the difference of fish fauna at the 2 experimental sites where coral community is present and absent, the fish individual numbers are significant different in chaetodontids, pomacanthids, pomacentrids, labrids, scarids and acanthurids. (2)The hermatypic coral community was destroyed by typhoons in 2003-4. In 2005, the rate of coverage was 1-3 %. The daily growth rate of young corals after typhoon attacks are 1.09% (Ushironohama), 0.48% (Ryunohama) a day. (3) By CVM and CB, we evaluated the benefits of biodiversity in this coral sea and analyzed factors determined WTP. 4. To conclude, we classified the factors of deteriorating coral sea by the difference of human involvements' pattern, and considered environmental means/policy to mitigate such deteriorations through the case studies. So I clarified that the key to wise use is held by the point whether local community/association of traditional/present sea user, represented by fishermen's group, take the initiative to make good order of utilizing coral sea. Less