Diurnal variations due to atmosphere-ocean-land interactions and their climatological significance

对印度尼西亚“海洋大陆”的观测显示，在大约1000公里的水平尺度上，日变化惊人，这与已知的海陆风和当地环流以及全球大气潮汐不同。在西藏-喜马拉雅和北美大陆也可以看到类似的现象。此外，在其他行星（金星和火星）有几种类型的日变化。这些日变化已经在大气动力学和云物理的基础上进行了研究。研究了它们对季节内、季节（年）和年际变化的影响。由于日周期是由依赖于行星自转和公转的太阳辐射产生的，因此也研究了这种天文条件在确定行星气候方面的意义。在海洋大陆上，雨季的日变化占主导地位，而不是经典海陆风理论所期望的晴天或旱季的日变化。雨季的日变化自增强；活跃的对流云和下午和夜间的降雨“重置”了日出前的大气不稳定和浑浊，正午前最大太阳辐射（接近太阳常数）加热地面，在下午再次产生对流云。研究了云的日循环迁移、大尺度大气对日变化的响应、海洋大陆和邻近海域（印度洋和太平洋）的地理变化。对不同天文条件下的行星气候和云凝结成分进行了研究。

Observations over the Indonesian "maritime continent" have shown striking diurnal variations with horizontal scales of about a thousand kilometers, which are different from known sea-land breeze and local circulations and from global atmospheric tides. Similar phenomena are also seen in Tibet-Himalaya and North-American continent. Furthermore, in other planets (Venus and Mars) there are several types of diurnal variations.Those diurnal variations have been investigated on the basis of atmospheric dynamics and cloud physics. Their effects on intraseasonal, seasonal (annual) and interannual variations have been studied. Since the diurnal periodicity is originated from solar radiation dependent on the planetary rotation and revolution, the significance of such astronomical conditions in determination of the planetary climate has been also studied.Over the maritime continent, the diurnal variations in rainy season are dominant rather than those in clear days or in dry season expected in classical sea-land breeze theories. The diurnal variations in rainy seasons are enhanced by themselves ; active convective clouds and rainfall in the afternoon and nighttime "reset" the atmospheric instability and turbidity before sunrise, and the maximum solar radiation (close to the solar constant) heats the land surface before the noontime which generates convective clouds again in the afternoon.Migrations of clouds with diurnal cycles, response of large-scale atmosphere for diurnal variations, geographical variations among the maritime continent and neighborhood (Indian and Pacific) oceans have been studied. The planetary climate with various astronomical conditions and cloud condensation constituents has been also studied.