A Study of the relief sculptures of the Buddhist Images(Four Buddhas, Five Kings, Four Hevenly Deities, Eight Devas) in Korea

以下是本研究的几个结果；石塔上有四尊佛像，铜器上刻有四尊佛像，但东侧的释迦牟尼佛和西侧的阿弥陀佛有严格的界定，南北两侧的佛像有起伏的性格和形象特征。北侧和南侧的佛像大多是《华严经》的主佛毗罗迦那，以及统一新罗和高丽王朝的主要信仰阿弥陀佛，阿弥陀佛是升入阿弥陀佛天堂的主要佛像。铜制金刚钟上的五尊金刚像（阿卡拉那塔、三罗卡维伽耶、亚曼塔卡、昆达利和金刚金刚）有可能比中国现存的作品表现出更早的图像特征。在国立庆州博物馆中，有中国“五王多”形成的早期阶段之一，由八王组成的石塔（8世纪）上的八像浮雕。石塔上和铜器上刻的四天神（Dhrtarastra、Virudhaka、Virupaksa、Vaisravana），除了北侧的毗瑟ravana，一只手上有小塔外，几乎没有明确的图像特征。日本作品中的四天神受朝鲜作品的影响较小，因为朝鲜作品表现出较早形成中国古代作品的形象特征之一。庆州国立博物馆伽门寺遗址东、西石塔出土的铜质圣物，在外箱的四面刻有两尊天神，表面有装饰图案。通过平衡匀称的身体和金属工艺技术，东塔比西塔更早，西塔应该是伽门寺建立时的7世纪后期，东塔应该是9世纪。石塔上的八位天神（一般是提婆、娜迦、雅克萨、犍陀罗、阿修罗、嘎鲁达、金那拉和摩荷加）应分为两组；一种是在庆州地区，另一种是在庆州以外。通过与中国作品的比较，庆州地区八像的构图和意象特征仍保持着较早的中国作品类型。少

Several results of this research is follew ;Four Buddhas on the stone stupas and engraved on the bronze Reliquary, however Bhaisajyaguruvaiduryaprabha Buddha on the east side and Amitabha Buddha on the west side are difined strictly, the Buddhas on the north side and south side have the fluctuation of character and iconogrphical characteristics. The Buddha images on the north and south side are mostly Vairocana who is the main Buddha of Avatamska Sutra and Amitabha who is the main Buddha for rise to the Paradise of Amitabha Buddha, as the main belief in the Unified Silla and Koryo Dynasty.Five Vidya-raja (Acalanatha, Trilokavijaya, Yamantaka, Kundali and Vajrayaksa) on the bronze Vajra-Bells have a possibility that they show earlier iconogrphical characteristics than Chinese works existing now. In the Gyeongju National Museum, there is the relief sculptures of eight images on the stone stupa (8th century) composed of the Eight Vidya-raja, as one of the early stages of formation of Five … More Kings in China.Four Heavenly Deities (Dhrtarastra, Virudhaka, Virupaksa and Vaisravana) on the stone stupas and engraved on the bronze Reliquary have hardly definite iconogrphical characteristics except Vaisravana on the north side with small stupa on one hand. Four Heavenly Deities in Japanese works have few influence of Korean works, because Korean works show one of the early formation of iconogrphical characteristics made in ancient China. About two Four Heavenly Deities engraved onto four sides of outer chest, decorative motif on its surface, of the bronze Reliquary from the East and West stone stupas at Gameun-sa temple site, in the Gyeongju National Museum, through the balanced well-proportioned body and metal craftwork technologies, east stupa's is earlier than west stupa's: west stupa's should belong to late 7th century when the Gameun-sa temple established, and east stupa's should belong to 9th century.Eight Devas (Deva, Naga, Yaksa, Gandharva, Asura, Garuda, Kimnara and Mahoraga in generaly) on the stone stupas should be divided into two groups; one type is in the Gyeongju area and another type is in ontside of Gyeongju. Through the comparation with Chinese works, the composition of eight images and the iconogrphical characteristics in the Gyeongju area remain earlier type of Chinese works than ontside. Less