Adaptation and Development of Saivism in Old Javanese World

这个研究项目的开展是为了在古爪哇语和梵语文本的基础上，对爪哇和巴厘岛的湿婆主义的适应和发展有所了解。其中一个主要产品是古爪哇语湿婆主义论文Wrhaspatitattwa的日文注释翻译。随着翻译，迄今为止未知的梵语来源的调查(s)已被执行，结果是，除了最近安德里亚·阿克里的发现，一些平行的梵语诗句在湿婆悉达多文本，Wrhaspatitattwa的一些段落对应于那些在悉达多文本，如《罗拉瓦asutrasamgraha》和《Parakhya密宗》。更重要的是，Wrhaspatitattwa的起源并不局限于湿婆悉达多。例如，神圣的克什米尔湿婆典籍《斯瓦昌达密宗》（Svacchanda Tantra）与《Wrhaspatitattwa》分享了一些与samkhya相关的原则的共同描述，而在悉达提卡典籍中却没有提及它们。通过阅读古爪哇语的宗教、历史和文学文本，也可以探索湿婆主义和佛教的关系。这些文本似乎表明这两个宗教团体共存。《Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan》的一份手稿包含了六重瑜伽的定义，这显然与湿婆经典（如Wrhaspatitattwa）中的定义是平行的。佛教经典Sutasoma中提到了湿婆教义。尽管作者为了展现佛教的优越性而引用了湿婆主义，但佛教界对湿婆教义的某些要素的相对较高的认知度是不可忽视的。同化湿婆和佛陀的想法似乎是在这种爪哇氛围中产生的。

This research project has been carried out to shed some light on the adaptation and development of Saivism in Java and Bali on the basis of both Old Javanese and Sanskrit texts. One of the main products is annotated Japanese translation of the Old Javanese treatise of Saivism, Wrhaspatitattwa. Along with the translation, the investigation of so-far unknown Sanskrit source(s) has been executed, and as a result it has turned out that besides the recent findings by Andrea Acri of a few parallel Sanskrit verses in Saiva Siddhanta texts, some more passages of the Wrhaspatitattwa correspond with those in Siddhantika texts such as the Rauravasutrasamgraha and the Parakhya Tantra. More importantly, the origin of the Wrhaspatitattwa is not confined to the Saiva Siddhanta. For instance, the Svacchanda Tantra, a sacred Kashmir Saiva text, shares several descriptions of the Samkhya-related principles in common with the Wrhaspatitattwa, while there is no reference to them in Siddhantika texts.The relationship of Saivism and Buddhism has also been explored by reading religious, historical and literary texts in the Old Javanese language. These texts seem to suggest the co-existence of the both religious groups. One manuscript of the Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan contains the definition of the six-fold yoga which apparently runs parallel with that in Saiva texts such as the Wrhaspatitattwa. Mention is made of Saiva teachings in the Sutasoma, a Buddhist text. Even though the author of the Sutasoma makes references to Saivism in order to show the superiority of Buddhism, the relatively high awareness of some elements of Saiva doctrines in Buddhist community cannot be neglected. The idea of the assimilation of Siva and Buddha seems to have been produced in such Javanese atmosphere.