Development of teaching materials using a zoo in science of a junior high school and activities of spreading those teaching materials

本研究的第一个目标是开发利用动物园进行初中动物研究的教材和方法。本研究的第二个目标是将这些教材推广到中学。在制定动物教学计划时，我们强调了观察真实事物的重要性、进化观点的重要性和目的性观察的重要性。为此，我们制作了鹿和狮子头骨的复制品，猪小肠的塑化，鸡前臂的骨骼标本，哺乳动物脚印的复制品以及显示脊椎动物运动方式差异的视频。这些教材可用于科学的“动物身体的结构与功能”和“脊椎动物群”等章节。学生在所提出的教学计划中，注意动物基于进食习惯和运动方式的适应形式，并了解所有动物在系统上的联系。这在生物学研究中很重要，对认识生命的重要性至关重要。提出的教学计划包括一个从假设推导推理的过程，这给学生观察的目的感。为了传播本研究成果和教材，我们成立了ASAHIYAMA动物园教育小组（GAZE），由动物园工作人员和大学教师为学校教师提供动物研究的机会。我们还利用教师学习的机会，每10年进行一次复习和法律学习。我们认为，培养学生从进化论的角度观察和思考生物现象的教材应该提供给初中教师。

The first goal of the present study is to develop teaching materials and methods using a zoo on an animal study in a junior high school. The second goal of this study is to spread those teaching materials to secondary schools. We gave attention to importance of observing real things, importance of evolutional point of view and importance of observation with sense of purpose in devising teaching plans about animals. For that purpose, we made replicas of crania of a deer and a lion, plastination of pieces of a small intestine of a pig, skeletal specimens of chicken forearms, replicas of footprints of mammals and video showing differences of locomotive manner of vertebrates. These teaching materials can be used in chapters of "Structure and Function of Animal Body" and "Vertebrates Group" in science.Students pay attention to adaptive forms of animals based on feeding habit and locomotive manner in the proposed teaching plans, and understand that all the animals connect phylogenetically. This is important in biological study and essential in realize the importance of life. The proposed teaching plans include a process of inferring deductively from a hypothesis, which give sense of purpose to students in the observations.In order to spread the results of this study and the teaching materials, we established the Group of ASAHIYAMA Zoo Education (GAZE)"in which zoo staffs and university teachers offer opportunities of animal study to school teachers. We also used opportunities of teacher's studies for a brushup and studies held under the law every 10 years.We think that the teaching materials which train students to observe and think biological phenomena from the evolutional point of view are offered to junior high school teachers.