Functional Differentiation of Responses against Crime on the Seas-International Law Perspective

根据《联合国海洋法公约》，如果有合理理由怀疑：(A)该船从事海盗活动；(B)该船从事奴隶贸易；(C)该船从事未经授权的广播，并且该船的船旗国根据第一百零九条具有管辖权；(D)该船没有国籍；(E)该船虽然悬挂外国国旗或拒绝展示其国旗，但实际上与军舰具有相同的国籍。此外，最近的显著现象是相继通过了几项承认某些干扰行为的一般性多边条约：(1)禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约；(2)P…议定书《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于禁止、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》；(3)《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约议定书》；(4)《执行1982年10月10日联合国海洋法公约有关养护和管理跨界鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群的规定的协定》。具体地说，(1)关于实体法，因果行为的分类；(2)关于程序法，强制执行行为的分类。对于前者，更多的分类，即基于功能和法律利益的分类，被证明是有用的。关于后者，(1)执法行动的方式和程度，以及(2)所采取行动所固有的重要问题。较少

This research has examined recent international law responses against crime on the high seas, has proved that the responses are functionally differentiated, and has made clear the legal problems inherent in them.Acts of interference are justified, according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, when there is reasonable ground for suspecting that :(a) the ship is engaged in piracy ; (b) the ship is engaged in the slave trade ; (c) the ship is engaged in unauthorized broadcasting and the flag State of the warship has jurisdiction under article 109 ; (d) the ship is without nationality ; or(e) though flying a foreign flag or refusing to show its flag, the ship is, in reality, of the same nationality as the warship.Adding to them, remarkable phenomenon of recent is successive adoption of several general multilateral treaties admitting certain acts of interference : (1) Convention against the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances ; (2) Protocol to P … More revent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime ; (3) Protocols to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation ; (4) Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 October 1982 Relating to the Conservation and management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.This research legally analyzed substantive and procedural requirements -standard and conditions- of acts of interference with foreign ships on the high seas. Concretely saying, (1) as to substantive law, categorization of causal acts, (2) as to procedural law, categorization of enforcement actions, is each examined. As to the former, more categorization, that is, based on function and legal interest, is proved to be useful. As to the latter, (i) mode and degree of enforcement actions, and(ii) important problems inherent in actions taken, are clarified. Less