Functional Differentiation of Responses against Crime on the Seas-International Law Perspective

这项研究审查了最近针对公海犯罪的国际法反应，证明了这些反应在功能上是有区别的，并明确了其中固有的法律问题。根据《联合国海洋法公约》（United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea），当有合理理由怀疑：(a)该船从事海盗活动时，干涉行为是正当的；(b)该船从事奴隶贸易；(c)该船舶从事未经授权的广播，而该军舰的船旗国根据第109条具有管辖权；（四）船舶无国籍；（五）悬挂外国国旗或者拒不显示外国国旗，实际上与该军舰属于同一国籍的。此外，最近的一个显著现象是连续通过了若干承认某些干涉行为的一般性多边条约：(1)《禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》；(2)补充《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》关于更加预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童的议定书；(3)《制止危害海上航行安全非法行为公约》的议定书；(4)执行1982年10月10日《联合国海洋法公约》关于养护和管理跨界鱼类和高度洄游鱼类的规定的协定。这项研究从法律上分析了在公海上干扰外国船舶行为的实质性和程序性要求- -标准和条件。具体来说，(1)就实体法而言，是因果行为的分类；(2)就程序法而言，是执行行为的分类。对于前者，更多的分类，即基于功能和法律利益，被证明是有益的。就后者而言，澄清了(i)执行行动的方式和程度，以及（ii）所采取行动所固有的重要问题。少

This research has examined recent international law responses against crime on the high seas, has proved that the responses are functionally differentiated, and has made clear the legal problems inherent in them.Acts of interference are justified, according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, when there is reasonable ground for suspecting that :(a) the ship is engaged in piracy ; (b) the ship is engaged in the slave trade ; (c) the ship is engaged in unauthorized broadcasting and the flag State of the warship has jurisdiction under article 109 ; (d) the ship is without nationality ; or(e) though flying a foreign flag or refusing to show its flag, the ship is, in reality, of the same nationality as the warship.Adding to them, remarkable phenomenon of recent is successive adoption of several general multilateral treaties admitting certain acts of interference : (1) Convention against the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances ; (2) Protocol to P … More revent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime ; (3) Protocols to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation ; (4) Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 October 1982 Relating to the Conservation and management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.This research legally analyzed substantive and procedural requirements -standard and conditions- of acts of interference with foreign ships on the high seas. Concretely saying, (1) as to substantive law, categorization of causal acts, (2) as to procedural law, categorization of enforcement actions, is each examined. As to the former, more categorization, that is, based on function and legal interest, is proved to be useful. As to the latter, (i) mode and degree of enforcement actions, and(ii) important problems inherent in actions taken, are clarified. Less