Mayoral Leadership and Takeover of Urban Education Reform in the United States

本报告由以下组成部分组成。第一部分是本研究的意义、目的和过程。第二是地方学校董事会在教育政策过程中的作用。三是美国地方教育治理的趋势和挑战。第四部分是美国教育治理的转型与教育管理研究面临的问题。第五是市长的领导和参与教育。在第一部分中，笔者概述了本研究的意义、目的和研究成本。第二部分和第三部分介绍了美国地方学校董事会的现状和存在的问题，包括市长接管的方式、影响和批评，并提出了美国联邦-州-地方三层结构教育体系重组的可能性。虽然我们正在就日本学校董事会的重组进行积极的辩论，但上述讨论可能会引发这一讨论。并对教育管理研究提出了一些建议。在第四部分，由于市长接管几乎总是伴随着公立学校的私有化，我建议研究的影响，促进私有化和择校政策。最后，本报告还包括了美国市长会议文件的日文翻译版本，这些文件为市长接管提供了理论依据。在这份文件中，各个城市的市长在专栏中讨论了推动市长接管的基础。从整体上看，本文在对这一政策利弊的认识基础上，阐述了推进这一政策的意义。

This report consists of the following compositions. The first are meanings, purposes and the process of this research. The second is the role of local school boards in the process of education policy. The third are the trends and challenges of U.S. local educational governance. The fourth are the transformation of U.S. educational governance and the problems educational administration research face. And the fifth are mayoral leadership and involvement in education. In the first section, the author described the outline of the meaning of this research, the purpose and research cost. The second and the third sections made reference about the realities and problems of U.S. local school boards, including the way, influences and the criticism of mayoral takeover, and the author suggested the possibilities of reorganization of American educational system which have been characterized as the federal-state-local trilaminar structure. While we engage in an active debate about the reorganization of school boards in Japan, noted above discussion may cast a stir into that discussion. And the discussion might give a serious suggestion to educational administration research. In the fourth section, as the mayoral takeover is almost always accompanying privatization of the public school, I suggested the influences of research about the promotion of privatization and school choice policy. In the end, this report includes Japanese translation version of the document published by the United States Conferences of Mayors, which have the theoretical rationale for the mayoral takeover. Within this document, the mayors of the individual city are discussing the basis of promotion of mayoral takeover in the column. On the whole, this document are illustrating the significance of promoting this policy based on the understandings of the merit and demerit.