Impact assessment of the application of massive chemical fertilizers on groundwater arsenic contamination in the farming villages of the Red River Delta, Vietnam

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The arsenic concentration (μg/L) of groundwater in the farming villages of southern Hanoi city, Vietnam was a high of 150 at maximum with an average of 40. The arsenic in groundwater was found to occur by the reductive release of arsenic from sediments to groundwater. Nitrogen fertilizer produced ammonium-N in groundwater. Where the arsenic concentration was high, the ammonium-N concentration was high and oxidation-reduction potential was low in groundwater, thus the contribution of nitrogen fertilizer to the groundwater arsenic contamination was recognized. Contribution of phosphate fertilizer to the groundwater arsenic contamination was identified to be small.