Heterogeneous Living Cationic Polymerization Using Iron Oxides : Environmentally Benign Catalyst Systems

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Heterogeneous living cationic polymerization was achieved using iron oxide catalysts. These systems are environmentally benign catalyst systems and the first example of heterogeneous living polymerization in the field of ionic polymerization. The living polymerization of vinyl ethers proceeded using several types of iron oxide (α-Fe_2O_3, γ-Fe_2O_3, and Fe_3O_4) in the presence of a weak Lewis base such as ethyl acetate or 1,4-dioxane, to give well-controlled polymers. Other metal oxides such as Ga_2O_3 and In_2O_3 or heteropolyacids were also shown to induce living cationic polymerization.