Empirical analysis on consumer behavior in Japan,US and Europe

(1)日本：本分析考察了20世纪90年代被称为“失去的十年”的日本家庭净资产的变化，并分析了由于泡沫破裂的冲击而导致的消费者行为的变化。1994年的资产净值约为1989年的30%。这种急剧下降影响了家庭储蓄行为。由于泡沫破裂时几乎所有家庭都经历了（未实现的）财富的贬值，对所有家庭的消费刺激变得更弱了。本文利用Chow检验得出结论：90年代由横截面构成的队列与由时间序列-横截面微数据集构成的队列不同。(2)美国和日本：在许多国家，可以观察到宏观经济和微观经济统计之间的差距。为了解释这一差距，本分析检验了Deaton和Irish（1984）最初提出的误报假设。用于估计的数据涉及来自美国消费者支出调查的10组耐用品，如果一个家庭购买了商品但没有报告金额（类型1误报），或者购买了商品但报告金额错误（类型2误报），则会发生误报。2型误报的测量误差方差较小，无统计学意义。少报的主要原因是零支出家庭购买了商品，但没有报告金额（第1类误报）。(3)欧洲和日本：鉴于世界各地发达工业化社会人口的迅速老龄化，随之而来的后果引起了人们相当大的兴趣。本分析的重点是欧洲和日本的老年人消费行为。关于人口统计效应，我们测试了两种类型的规范，如翻译和缩放，包括等效成人量表，即阿姆斯特丹食品支出量表。我们的研究结果表明，阿姆斯特丹尺度仍然适用于欧洲国家的食品支出调整。少

(1) Japan : This analysis examines changes in net worth in the Japanese householods in the period of the 1990s called Lost Decade and analyzes changes in consumer behavior due to the shock of the Bubble burst. The value of net worth in 1994 was about 30 percent of that in 1989. This drastic decline affected household saving behavior. The stimulus toward consumption for all households became weaker because of the depreciation of (unrealized) wealth experienced by almost all households when the Bubble burst. Using the Chow test the present paper concludes that a cohort made by cross-section is different from a cohort produced by from time series-cross section micro-data sets in the 1990s.(2) US and Japan : In many countries a gap between macroeconomic and microeconomic statistics is observed. To explain the gap, the present analysis tests the misreporting hypothesis originally proposed by Deaton and Irish (1984). The data used for estimation involves ten clusters of consumer durables fro … More m the Consumer Expenditure Survey in the U.S. Misreporting takes place if a household purchased goods but did not report the amount (type 1 misreporting), or it purchased goods but reported the amount incorrectly (type 2 misreporting). The variance of the measurement error in type 2 misreporting is small and is not statistically significant. The main source of underreporting is due to zero expenditure households that purchased goods but did not report the amount (type 1 misreporting).(3) Europe and Japan : Given the rapid aging of populations in advanced industrialized societies around the world, there is considerable interest about the attendant consequences. This analysis focuses on elderly consumer behavior in Europe and Japan. Regarding the demographic effect, we tested two types of specification such as translation and scaling including the equivalent adult scale known as the Amsterdam scale on food expenditure. Our finding indicates the Amsterdam scale is still workable for food expenditure adjustment in European countries. Less