Evaluation on self-control function of temperature and water quality with surface-subsurface water exchange

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Investigations, including field observation mainly, shows that thickness of unsaturated zone above subsurface water level is important for temperature stability of river water by exchange flow across sandbars. In a riparian reach with a simple alternative sandbar, water exchange between surface water and subsurface water is combined by horizontal one through sandbars and vertical one through submerged bed surface, and shows importance to keep habitat's environment in pore of bed surface and backwater (embayment, pond).