Evolution of forest science and forest policy in Japan, Europe and the US after 19th century : focusing mountain forest management

日本自70年代以来，“皆伐补植”针叶林更新制度一直受到批评。从森林政策的历史背景来看，19世纪欧洲的森林经营思想对日本的森林经营思想有一定的启发作用。在此之前，这种持续产量的概念在欧洲一直是历史性的，目的是抑制社区居民对森林的使用，并将矮林转化为高林。然而，这个想法在德语区引起了讨论，即即使在普鲁士等北方地区，云杉系统的“清除和重新种植”是否足够。日本的林务员是否意识到欧洲林业的争议背景，采用了皆伐制度？这个问题值得仔细研究。为了缩小研究问题的规模，对森林卫士（guardia forestale，Forstwart，Waldaufseher，sanrin-kanshunin，forest ranger等）进行了国际和历史比较。法国、意大利北部、德国、新西兰和日本 关于我们 潘被追捕。由于历史信息来源的限制和社会结构等历史条件的差异，不可能在G。Buttoud（1984）在《19^世纪城市护林员的历史演变》一文中指出<th>。然而，森林警卫/护林员可以说是现代国家森林政策与森林科学和地方社区之间的接口，特别是在山区。这意味着，比较森林警卫在不同地区的能力，巡逻频率，他们的程序，verbaux的数量，人员待遇或部分支付他们的工资由有关市政当局资助将是有效的，以澄清欧洲林业对当地社区的各种影响，在业务和经验的手段。作为未来的工作，这种方法被认为是有利于比较，特别是北海道（在日本）和新西兰，因为他们都是岛屿，他们有殖民过程和他们的森林管理的灵感来自欧洲的森林科学。少

Since 1970's, in Japan, "clearcut and replant" softwood reforestation system has been criticized. Regarding in the historical context of forest policy, it is certain that European idea of forest management in 19th century had partly inspired Japanese one. Such idea of sustained yield had been historically formulated until then in Europe, having aimed at suppressing forest use by community people and at converting coppices into high forests. This idea became, though, discussed in German-speaking regions whether "cleacut and replant" of spruce system was adequate for even in the northern region such as Prussia. Did Japanese forester adopt clearcutting system, realizing the controversial context of European forestry? This question deserves scrutiny. In order to downsizing the research question, international and historical comparison of garde forestier (guardia forestale, Forstwart, Waldaufseher, sanrin-kanshunin, forest ranger, etc.) among France, north Italy, Germany, New Zealand and Ja … More pan was pursued. On account of constraint of historical information sources and difference in historical conditions such as community structure, it is impossible directly to compare them in the context which G. Buttoud(1984) showed in his paper on "Historical evolution of municipal forest guards in 19^<th> century". Nevertheless, forest guards/rangers can be said as an interface between modern national forest policy with forest science and local communities especially in mountainous regions. It is implied that comparison of forest guards in various regions with regard to their competence, frequency of patrols, the number of their proces-verbaux, personnel treatment or the portion of payment for their salary financed by concerning municipalities would be effective in order to clarify the various influences of the European forestry on the local communities in operational and empirical means. As future work, such methodology is considered to favor comparison especially between Hokkaido (in Japan) and New Zealand, for they are both islands, they have colonization process and their forest management was inspired by European forest science. Less