Evolution of forest science and forest policy in Japan, Europe and the US after 19th century : focusing mountain forest management

自20世纪70年代以来，日本“采伐补种”的针叶木材再造林制度受到了批评。从森林政策的历史背景来看，可以肯定的是，19世纪欧洲的森林管理理念在一定程度上启发了日本的森林管理理念。在此之前，这种持续产量的想法在历史上是在欧洲形成的，其目的是抑制社区人民对森林的利用，并将矮林转变为高林。然而，这个想法在德语区引起了讨论，即使在普鲁士等北部地区，“砍伐和重新种植”云杉系统是否足够。日本的林农是否意识到欧洲林业的争议背景，采取了采伐制度？这个问题值得仔细研究。为了缩小研究问题的范围，本文对法国、意大利北部、德国、新西兰和日本的护林员（guardia forestale、Forstwart、Waldaufseher、sanrin-kanshunin、forest ranger等）进行了国际和历史比较。由于历史信息来源的限制和社区结构等历史条件的差异，不可能像G. Buttoud（1984）在他的论文《19世纪市政护林队的历史演变》中所展示的那样，直接对它们进行比较。然而，森林警卫/护林员可以说是现代国家森林政策与森林科学和当地社区之间的接口，特别是在山区。这意味着，比较各区域森林警卫的能力、巡逻频率、例行程序的次数、人员待遇或由有关市政当局资助的支付其薪金的部分将是有效的，以便澄清欧洲林业在业务和经验方面对当地社区的各种影响。作为未来的工作，这种方法被认为有利于比较，特别是在北海道（在日本）和新西兰之间，因为他们都是岛屿，他们有殖民过程，他们的森林管理受到欧洲森林科学的启发。少

Since 1970's, in Japan, "clearcut and replant" softwood reforestation system has been criticized. Regarding in the historical context of forest policy, it is certain that European idea of forest management in 19th century had partly inspired Japanese one. Such idea of sustained yield had been historically formulated until then in Europe, having aimed at suppressing forest use by community people and at converting coppices into high forests. This idea became, though, discussed in German-speaking regions whether "cleacut and replant" of spruce system was adequate for even in the northern region such as Prussia. Did Japanese forester adopt clearcutting system, realizing the controversial context of European forestry? This question deserves scrutiny. In order to downsizing the research question, international and historical comparison of garde forestier (guardia forestale, Forstwart, Waldaufseher, sanrin-kanshunin, forest ranger, etc.) among France, north Italy, Germany, New Zealand and Ja … More pan was pursued. On account of constraint of historical information sources and difference in historical conditions such as community structure, it is impossible directly to compare them in the context which G. Buttoud(1984) showed in his paper on "Historical evolution of municipal forest guards in 19^<th> century". Nevertheless, forest guards/rangers can be said as an interface between modern national forest policy with forest science and local communities especially in mountainous regions. It is implied that comparison of forest guards in various regions with regard to their competence, frequency of patrols, the number of their proces-verbaux, personnel treatment or the portion of payment for their salary financed by concerning municipalities would be effective in order to clarify the various influences of the European forestry on the local communities in operational and empirical means. As future work, such methodology is considered to favor comparison especially between Hokkaido (in Japan) and New Zealand, for they are both islands, they have colonization process and their forest management was inspired by European forest science. Less