Coherent structure and the associated mass transfer in wind-driven water-waves over canopy vegetation

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The present study is to reveal the coherent structure and the associated mass transfer in wind-driven water-waves/free-surface flows over canopy vegetation by using a combination of PIV, PTV and LIF simultaneous measurements. A large-scale secondary current, i.e., Langmuir circulation, is generated in wind-induced free-surface flows and contributes largely to mass transfer in 3D fashion. Furthermore, the present study revealed the interaction between the coherent vortex and the vegetation motion, which is called the Monami phenomenon, and also examined the mass transfer by using simultaneous measurements of velocity and dye concentration.