Evolution of apical meristem structures in vascular plants with respect to plasmodesmatal network

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Plasmodesmatal (PD) networks in the root apical meristem were compared for 14 families and 19 species of angiosperms, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes, using transmission electron microscopy. Root apices of the seed plants, which have multicellular initial cells, show low PD densities per unit area. In contrast, root apices of ferns and some lycophytes, which have single apical cell, show high PD densities that are more than three-times higher than those of seed plants. Like the shoot apical meristem, PD networks in the root apex are strongly correlated to apical organizations.