Archaeological study on the Indianization, Sinicization and maintenance of local cultural traditions in the northern region of the central Vietnam

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A land-survey project combined with test excavations revealed its specific structure and date of Hoa Chau citadel site in central Vietnam. The general survey of architectural sites and their related artifacts pointed out architectural technology originated in India possibly diffused to the central Vietnam via Malay Peninsula around the 9^<th> century.Based on the study of bronze drum casting technology, several discussions were proposed like the following. The Heger I-type bronze drums were casted in northern Vietnam and exported to the other parts of Southeast Asia. Adopting the stamp technique and lost-wax method led to the localization of the bronze drum casting in several regions of the Mainland Southeast Asia. The Sinicization and Indianization made an end of bronze drum-using culture except the northern mountainous area of the Mainland.