An experimental study based on direct observations of impact cratering for impact phenomena on primordial bodies in the Solar System

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I have developed the direct observation method with a laser to study the effects of target material properties and impact angles on the excavation processes of impact cratering. I found that the increase rate of the excavation cavity at early times follows a power-law relation, but the data at later times deviates from the power-law relation. I also found that the power-law exponent at early times and the degree of the deviation from the power-law at later times depend on the target material properties. In addition, the shape of the excavation cavity at olbique impacts is elongated at early times, but the shape at later times approaches to near circular. Based on Maxwell Z-model with these results, I have formulated a scaling model for the transient crater growth.