Characteristics and formation mechanisms of the subtropical convergence zones in the global atmosphere

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There are three subtropical convergence zones (STCZ) in the global atmosphere. The Baiu frontal zone is one of them. We studied mechanisms how each STCZ is maintained. We examined the roles of the Brazilian Plateau in maintaining the SACZ (South Atlantic convergence zone) by data analysis of long-term observation and numerical experiments. On the roles of subtropical jets, we found that the hypotheses proposed by Sampe and Xie (2010), in which warm advection by jet in the middle troposphere may intensify the rainfall along the Baiu frontal zone, can be applied for the SACZ and the SPCZ (South Pacific convergence zone). The Baiu frontal zone has direction and latitudes differ from those of the other STCZs in the Southern Hemisphere. Dynamic influence of Kuroshio current on these unique features of the Baiu frontal zone was discussed using observational data of the ocean.