Electromagnetic environment of the moon in the solar wind and the lunar wake

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The solar wind interaction with the moon was studied using a two-dimensional electromagnetic full particle simulation and Kaguya observation. The solar wind magnetic field controls the direction of the thermal flow of the electrons and causes an asymmetry of the negative charging of the downstream-side surface. The solar wind ions are accelerated by the negative surface charging, while the solar wind electrons are expelled by the negative charging and flow away along the field line producing streaks of enhancements of the electron density. On the dayside surface, 0. 01 Hz and 0. 03-5 Hz magnetohydrodynamic waves are excited by the solar wind protons reflected by the moon through cyclotron resonance.