Cryptides : elucidation of regulatory mechanisms by functional peptides hidden in protein structures

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Here, we discovered that many fragmented peptides simultaneously produced during maturation and degradation processes of functional proteins and bioactive peptides have efficient physiological activities although these fragmented peptides have long been thought that they had no biological significance. We purified and identified novel functional peptides hidden in mitochondrial proteins mitocryptide-2 and-3 that activated neutrophils at nanomolar concentrations from porcine hearts. The receptor molecules and the intracellular signal mechanisms for these mitocryptides were also elucidated.