Influences of humic acids on the degradation and toxicity of brominated flame retardants by oxidation catalysts

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Influences of humic acids on the catalytic oxidation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) using iron(III)-porphyrin catalysts were investigated. The TBBPA was difficult to be oxidized and dehalogenated by the catalysts, compared to chlorinated phenols that had been investigated. In the catalytic oxidation of TBBPA, oxidative coupling reactions that can produce the oligomers were dominant. In the presence of humic acids, coupling compounds between oxidation intermediates from TBBPA and humic acid were mainly formed, and percents conversion of TBBPA to the coupling compounds were from 50 to 60%. The toxicity tests of the reaction mixtures in the absence and presence of humic acids by the inhibition of an algae (P.subcapitata) growth demonstrated that toxicity of TBBPA was reduced in the presence of humic acids.