Mechanisms of insecticide resistance and area-wide migration in the rice planthoppers in Asia

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Species-and area-specific differences in level of insecticide resistance were found in rice planthoppers in Asia. The brown planthopper(BPH) populations in southern Vietnam developed extremely high level of resistance against imidacloprid. No clear regional differences in COI and ITS regions were detected among Asian rice planthoppers. Imidacloprid resistance mechanism in BPH has been found to be due to the increase of the enzyme encoded by CYP6ER1 gene. The migration analysis revealed that BPH migrated from the Philippines to Taiwan occurred with the typhoon 2010, showing migration cross the boundary of the Asian populations. In contrast, BPH in southern Vietnam showed relatively short-range migrations in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta.