Sexual conflict on determining breeding timing resulted from extra-pair mating.

(a)雄蝶守护配偶行为的高峰出现在产卵日的前几天。当与喉咙上有小红斑的雄性交配时（从生存的角度来看，这意味着雄性携带的基因相对较差），雌性会逃离雄性伴侣，寻找额外的伴侣。事实上，这些雌性的后代中含有额外的一对后代。然而，男性保护配偶的强度与他们的喉咙贴的大小或女性不忠的程度无关。男性的供给努力与女性的不忠程度呈负相关。(b)三对雄龟粪便中的睾酮水平在产卵前几天达到峰值，表明这种激素水平可能影响雄龟和雌龟的交配行为。

(a) We found that the peak of mate guard behavior by males several days before laying date of their pairs. When mating with males having small red patch size in their throat(that means the male convey relatively inferior genes in the perspective of survival), the females escaped from their male mates and sought extra-pair mates. Actually the broods of such females contained extra-pair offspring. However, the intensity of male mate guards was not correlated with the size of their throat patch or the degree of female infidelity. Provisioning effort of males was negatively correlated with the degree of female infidelity.(b) Testosterone level in feces from three pairs peaked at several days before laying dates, which suggests that such hormonal level may affect mating behavior of male and females.